西南环境移民安置地的生态环境状况

以桂西北环江县肯福环境移民安置示范区为例，对我国西南喀斯特地区，环境移民安置区的气候、地貌、土壤与植被等主要生态因子，进行了调查研究与取样分析，研究表明，环境移民安置地由于地处亚热带季风气候区，具有气候温暖，雨量充沛、日照充足，且雨热同季的特点；地貌破碎，土地以坡地为主，但有一定量可开垦利用的土地；土壤主要为红壤，土壤剖面发育良好，有机质和氮含量相对丰富，磷、钾缺乏，土壤酸度大，土壤质地和结构尚可     

环境因子对水华暴发的影响研究

水华是当水体藻类开始大量生长和繁殖并且聚集,最终达到一定浓度的现象。综述国内大型浅水湖泊及水库中影响水华暴发的环境因素的研究现状,分析水体营养条件以及适宜的气象、水文、生物条件等有利于藻类生长或聚集的环境影响因子,同时简介中国水华污染现状。对水华暴发研究领域的未来发展具有一定参考价值。     

镉污染胁迫下水稻生理生态表征高光谱识别模型

利用水稻生长季节多个时相的ASD实测高光谱数据和同步获取的土壤-作物特征参数,系统分析了高光谱遥感指数与镉污染胁迫下水稻生理生态参数变化特征之间的响应关系.选择叶绿素含量、水分含量、细胞结构和叶面积指数4个重要生理生态参数作为水稻镉污染胁迫响应因子,通过理论分析和实验验证,得到对上述因子变化敏感的高光谱遥感指数及其响应规律.在此基础上建立MCARI-NDWI、MCARI-RVSI、MCARI-RVI、NDWI-RVSI、NDWI-RVI和RVSI-RVI模型,揭示了不同污染程度条件下响应因子在各光谱指数空间中的表征规律.     

Co-present Pb(II) accelerates the oxidation of organic contaminants by permanganate: Role of Pb(III)

• Simultaneous removal of organic contaminants and Pb(II) was achieved by Mn(VII). • Pb(II) enhanced Mn(VII) oxidation performance over a wide pH range. • Pb(II) did not alter the pH-rate profile for contaminants oxidation by Mn(VII). • Mn(VII) alone cannot oxidize Pb(II) effectively at pH below 5.0. • Pb(III) plays important roles on enhancing Mn(VII) decontamination process. The permanganate (Mn(VII)) oxidation has emerged as a promising technology for the remediation and treatment of the groundwater and surface water contaminated with the organic compounds. Nonetheless, only a few studies have been conducted to explore the role of the heavy metals (especially the redox-active ones) during the Mn(VII) oxidation process. In this study, taking Pb(II) as an example, its influence on the Mn(VII) decontamination performance has been extensively investigated. It was found that, with the presence of Pb(II), Mn(VII) could degrade diclofenac (DCF), 2,4-dichlorophenol, and aniline more effectively than without. For instance, over a wide pH range of 4.5–8.0, the dosing of 10 μmol/L Pb(II) accelerated the DCF removal rate from 0.006–0.25 min⁻¹ to 0.05–0.46 min⁻¹ with a promotion factor of 1.9–9.4. Although the UV-vis spectroscopic and high resolution transmission electron microscopy analyses suggested that Mn(VII) could react with Pb(II) to produce Mn(IV) and Pb(IV) at pH 6.0–8.0, further experiments revealed that Pb(II) did not exert its enhancing effect through promoting the generation of MnO₂, as the reactivity of MnO₂ was poor under the employed pH range. At pH below 5.0, it was interesting to find that, a negligible amount of MnO₂ was formed in the Mn(VII)/Pb(II) system in the absence of contaminants, while once MnO₂ was generated in the presence of contaminants, it could catalyze the Pb(II) oxidation to Pb(IV) by Mn(VII). Collectively, by highlighting the conversion process of Pb(II) to Pb(IV) by either Mn(VII) or MnO₂, the reactive Pb(III) intermediates were proposed to account for the Pb(II) enhancement effect.     

Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in riverine runoff of the Pearl River Delta, China: assessment of mass loading, input source and environmental fate

A large-scale sampling program was conducted to simultaneously collect water samples at the eight major riverine runoff outlets of the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China to assess the importance of riverine runoff in transporting anthropogenic pollutants from terrestrial sources to the coastal ocean. The concentrations of ∑₂₁OCPs (sum of 21 OCP components) and ∑₂₀PCBs (sum of 20 PCB congeners) were 2.57-41.2 and 0.12-1.47 ng/L, respectively. Compositional distributions of DDTs suggested the possibility of new input sources in the study area, but contributions from dicofol seemed considerably low. The annual inputs of ∑₂₁OCPs and ∑₂₀PCBs were 3090 and 215 kg, with those of total HCHs and DDTs being 1110 and 1020 kg, respectively. A mass balance consideration indicated that riverine runoff is the major mode carrying OCPs from the PRD to the coastal ocean, and the majority of OCPs is further dissipated to open seas.     

新疆地区气溶胶对地表太阳辐射的影响初探

为了进一步认识大气气溶胶对气候环境的影响,基于2017年Aqua MODIS C006气溶胶光学厚度（aerosol optical depth,AOD）产品、CERES SSF Aqua MODIS Edition 4A数据集的地表短波辐射以及地面观测太阳辐射数据,对2017年新疆地区AOD和地表太阳辐射年变化进行研究,并以沙尘和人类活动气溶胶丰富的南疆典型地区喀什为代表城市,采用AccuRT辐射传输模式定量化研究晴空时气溶胶对地表短波辐射的影响.结果表明：①地表太阳辐射月均值最大值出现在和田站的5月,为441.62 W·m^-2,最小值出现在乌鲁木齐站点的12月,为37.03 W·m^-2;CERES/SSF地表短波辐射资料与地面观测结果相比,阿克苏站、焉耆站和伊宁站的差距最小,喀什站和若羌站全年存在高估现象,其他站点存在不同程度的高低估现象.②2017年新疆地区AOD格点平均的年均值最小值为0.0175,最大值为0.4610,南疆地区的AOD整体高于北疆地区;2017年AOD格点春夏季的AOD均值分布与全年均值分布特征相似,其中春季的AOD高值区区域面积高于其他季节.③根据AccuRT计算,当AOD由0.05增加为0.56时,四季的地表向下短波总辐射均呈下降趋势,夏季下降幅度最大,由923.02 W·m^-2变化为677.61 W·m^-2,其次为春季和秋季,冬季下降幅度最小.AOD的减少变化导致的地表向下短波总辐射通量、直射辐射通量和散射辐射通量变化敏感度明显高于AOD增加所导致的变化敏感度.     

广州城市绿地系统碳的贮存、分布及其在碳氧平衡中的作用

在研究广州城市绿地植物生物量和净第一性生产量的基础上,通过对城市绿地碳的贮存、分布和固碳放氧能力的估算,探讨城市绿地对城市碳氧平衡的作用。结果表明,城市绿地植物生物量和净生产量分别为287150t和1058122t/a;植物碳贮量和净生产量中的碳量分别为1328649t和462624t/a;绿地光合作用释放的氧量为2242788t/a。植物的光合作用固碳和放氧量分别相当于人口呼吸释放碳和消耗氧量的1.7和1.9倍,但远小于化学燃料燃烧放出的碳和消耗的氧量。如果广州城市绿地能得到适当的保护和改良,其对碳氧平衡的作用将大大提高。     

养殖场周边环境污染对畜禽养殖质量影响研究——以基于DNA条形码技术的黄牛肉质检测物研究为例

当前养殖场周边环境严重影响畜禽类的养殖质量,以基于DNA条形码技术的黄牛肉质检测物研究为例,对黄牛肉的真伪进行了检测。对黄牛种类特异性基因COI基因(NC_006853.1)序列进行设计,利用DNA提取、DNA纯度和浓度测定、PCR扩增、电泳检测、DNA纯化和回收、DNA克隆,完成肉质真伪的检测。得到电泳检测结果,真正黄牛肉扩增片段长度为534 bp,其余肉品样本不能扩增出534 bp。实验结果表明,该检测方法操作方便,检测时间短,应用前景较好,可以满足市场肉类监督检测需要。     

Bioelectrochemical acidolysis of magnesia to induce struvite crystallization for recovering phosphorus from aqueous solution

A novel struvite crystallization method induced by bioelectrochemical acidolysis of magnesia(MgO) was investigated to recover phosphorus(P) from aqueous solution using a dual-chamber microbial electrolysis cell(DMEC). Magnesium ion(Mg~(2+)) in the anolyte was firstly confirmed to automatically migrate from the anode chamber to the cathode chamber, and then react with ammonium(NH+4) and phosphate(PO_4~(3-)) in the catholyte to form struvite. Recovery efficiency of 17.8%–60.2% was obtained with the various N/P ratios in the catholyte. When MgO(low solubility under alkali conditions) was added into the anolyte, the bioelectrochemical acidolysis of MgO naturally took place and the released Mg~(2+)induced struvite crystallization in the cathode chamber for P recovery likewise.Besides, there was a strong linear positive correlation between the recovery efficiency and the MgO dosage(R~2= 0.935), applied voltage(R~2= 0.969) and N/P ratio(R~2= 0.905). Increasing the applied voltage was found to enhance the P recovery via promoting the MgO acidolysis and the released Mg~(2+)migration, while increasing the N/P ratio in the catholyte enhanced the P recovery via promoting the struvite crystallization. Moreover, the electrochemical performance of the system was promoted due to more stable anolyte pH and lower pH gradient between the two chambers. Current density was promoted by 10%, while the COD removal efficiency was improved from 78.2% to 91.8% in the anode chamber.     

白洋淀湿地生态环境监测体系的构建

湿地生态环境监测体系的建立,是维护湿地生态安全的重要举措。针对目前白洋淀湿地生态环境现状,结合湿地环境监测现状,初步构建了白洋淀湿地生态环境监测体系,以期推动白洋淀生态监测的进一步发展。