氮素形态对烟草根际镉的有效性及镉吸收的影响

采用盆栽实验,研究了不同氮素形态对酸性紫色土和中性紫色土中烟草根际有效镉含量及烟草吸收镉的影响。结果表明,氮素形态对烟草根际有效镉含量的影响不显著,但铵态氮(AN)和铵态氮+硝化抑制剂双氰胺(AN+DCD)使非根际有效镉含量显著提高。2种土壤中,烟草的生物量均以AN+DCD处理最高;烟草地上部镉含量在酸性紫色土中以硝态氮(NN)处理最高,中性紫色土中则以AN+DCD处理最高;烟草地上部镉累积量均以AN+DCD和AN+NN处理最高。从植物修复角度,2种土壤宜以铵态氮与硝态氮混合或铵态氮与双氰胺混合方式施用。     

基于SBR反应器的ANAMMOX工艺的启动运行

采用SBR反应器,接种好氧硝化污泥,在142 d内于较高负荷下成功启动了厌氧氨氧化反应器.反应器总氮容积负荷(以N计)为0.43 kg/m3·d,总氮去除率最高达到93.3%,平均为80.5%;氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的去除率最高达到93.9%和99.8%,平均去除率为81.2%和85.7%.在稳定运行阶段,氨氮去除量、亚硝酸盐氮去除量、硝酸盐氮生成量三者之间的比值为1:1.38:0.18.反应器启动过程中,出水、进水pH差值的变化趋势由负到正,然后稳定在一定范围内;且污泥性状有较大变化,污泥中微生物所占比率有所提高,整个反应器中适应厌氧氨氧化运行方式的菌种增殖较快.     

O3/UV降解喹啉过程中不同氧化剂的相对重要性

研究O₃/UV降解自配喹啉水溶液时水体中存在的不同氧化剂对喹啉降解的相对重要性的结果表明,O₃和·OH是喹啉降解过程的主要氧化剂.通过靛蓝二磺酸钠法和·OH探针化合物(对氯苯甲酸)法分别测定了水体中的O₃浓度和·OH浓度,定量地计算了O₃和·OH在降解喹啉时的相对重要性,得到喹啉与·OH的二级反应速率常数为6.65×10⁹mol·(L·s)^-1.在本试验条件下,由·OH引起的喹啉去除率占总去除率的88%,而由O₃引起的喹啉去除率占总去除率的12%.提高水体中·OH的浓度有利于提高喹啉的总降解速率.     

外源硝态氮对典型耕作土壤冻结过程N2O排放的影响

为明确外源硝态氮添加对典型耕作土壤冻结过程N₂O排放的影响,应用室内冰柜模拟土壤冻结过程,研究在室温-冻结过程中硝态氮添加(0、80、200和500 mg/kg)对3种典型耕作土壤(黑土、潮土和黄土)N₂O排放影响的特征. 结果表明:外源硝态氮的添加促进了黑土和潮土的N₂O排放,在200 mg/kg硝态氮添加处理下,黑土和潮土的N₂O排放通量比CK(对照)分别增加了849%和676%;但在添加高浓度(500 mg/kg)硝态氮时,黑土和潮土的N₂O排放通量分别比200 mg/kg处理降低39.3%和21.2%,表现为显著抑制. 随冻结过程的进行,黑土和潮土的N₂O排放通量均逐渐降低并接近零排放. 黄土N₂O排放通量在室温-冻结过程中变化范围很小,甚至出现负排放. 多因素方差分析结果表明,土壤类型显著影响N₂O累计排放量,而土壤pH和C/N是其中重要的影响因子. 根据室内培养试验结果,为减排N₂O,建议在深秋整地施肥时期尽量避免在潮土和黑土中施用硝态氮肥. 黄土的N₂O排放似乎对外源硝态氮的添加反应不明显,这有待在大田气候-植物-土壤综合条件下进一步验证.      

Insights into reactive oxygen species formation induced by water-soluble organic compounds and transition metals using spectroscopic method

Ambient particulate matter (PM) can cause adverse health effects via their ability to produce Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Water-Soluble Organic Compounds (WSOCs), a complex mixture of organic compounds which usually coexist with Transition Metals (TMs) in PM, have been found to contribute to ROS formation. However, the interaction between WSOCs and TMs and its effect on ROS generation are still unknown. In this study, we examined the ROS concentrations of V, Zn, Suwannee River Fulvic Acid (SRFA), Suwannee River Humic Acid (SRHA) and the mixtures of V/Zn and SRFA/SRHA by using a cell-free 2′,7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH) assay. The results showed that V or Zn synergistically promoted ROS generated by SRFA, but had an antagonistic effect on ROS generated by SRHA. Fluorescence quenching experiments indicated that V and Zn were more prone to form stable complexes with aromatic humic acid-like component (C1) and fulvic acid-like component (C3) in SRFA and SRHA. Results suggested that the underlying mechanism involving the fulvic acid-like component in SRFA more tending to complex with TMs to facilitate ROS generation through π electron transfer. Our work showed that the complexing ability and complexing stability of atmospheric PM organics with metals could significantly affect ROS generation. It is recommended that the research deploying multiple analytical methods to quantify the impact of PM components on public health and environment is needed in the future.     

家用洗衣粉中磷对斜生栅藻生长的影响

以洗衣粉中的有机磷为磷源,通过室内模拟的方法研究在不同磷浓度的水体条件下斜生栅藻的生长情况,以及磷对斜生栅藻的生长是否有毒害作用.通过显微计数测定藻细胞数目来探讨洗衣粉中磷对斜生栅藻生长的影响;同时分析了洗衣粉中磷对斜生栅藻96 h生长期中光合色素的影响.结果表明,洗衣粉中的磷除了促进藻生长外,其浓度过低或过高都会抑制藻的生长.由实验结果可得,磷对藻生长的富营养化作用和毒性作用取决于磷浓度的高低.     

基因工程菌在厌氧膜生物反应器中对偶氮染料废水的脱色

印染和染料废水色度大,COD高,可生化性差.采用基因工程菌Escherichia coli JM109(pGEX-AZR)在厌氧膜生物反应器中,对模拟偶氮染料废水进行脱色研究.结果表明,系统对酸性红B有很好的脱色能力,且启动期短,脱色效率高,脱色率稳定在95%以上,对COD的去除率能达到68%.系统运行过程中,反应器内生物量稳定在0.4 g/L.EPS与生物量变化趋势一致,先升高后降低;pH值在运行初期由6.5降至6.2,后维持在6.6左右.系统运行27 d后进行第一次膜清洗,膜通量恢复为初始值的92%,系统运行周期约为26 d.     

Assessing heavy metal pollution in the surface soils of a region that had undergone three decades of intense industrialization and urbanization

Heavy metals in the surface soils from lands of six different use types in one of the world’s most densely populated regions, which is also a major global manufacturing base, were analyzed to assess the impact of urbanization and industrialization on soil pollution. A total of 227 surface soil samples were collected and analyzed for major heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) by using microwave-assisted acid digestion and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Multivariate analysis combined with enrichment factors showed that surface soils from the region (>7.2?×?10⁴ km²) had mean Cd, Cu, Zn, and As concentrations that were over two times higher than the background values, with Cd, Cu, and Zn clearly contributed by anthropogenic sources. Soil pollution by Pb was more widespread than the other heavy metals, which was contributed mostly by anthropogenic sources. The results also indicate that Mn, Co, Fe, Cr, and Ni in the surface soils were primarily derived from lithogenic sources, while Hg and As contents in the surface soils were controlled by both natural and anthropogenic sources. The pollution level and potential ecological risk of the surface soils both decreased in the order of: urban areas?>?waste disposal/treatment sites?～?industrial areas?>?agricultural lands?～?forest lands?>?water source protection areas. These results indicate the significant need for the development of pollution prevention and reduction strategies to reduce heavy metal pollution for regions undergoing fast industrialization and urbanization.     

Fractionation and speciation of arsenic in fresh and combusted coal wastes from Yangquan, northern China

In this study, the content and speciation of arsenic in coal waste and gas condensates from coal waste fires were investigated, respectively, using the digestion and sequential extraction methods. The fresh and fired-coal waste samples were collected from Yangquan, which is one of the major coal production regions in northern China. High-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) was used to determine the concentrations of four major arsenic species [As(III), As(V), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsenic acid (DMA)] in the extracts, while ICP-MS was used to measure total As content. Arsenic content in the investigated coal wastes and the condensate ranges between 23.3 and 69.3 mg/kg, which are higher than its reported average content in soils. Arsenic in coal waste exists primarily in the residual fraction; this is followed in decreasing order by the organic matter-bound, Fe–Mn oxides-bound, exchangeable, carbonates-bound, and water-soluble fractions. The high content of arsenic in the condensates indicates that combustion or spontaneous combustion is one of the major ways for arsenic release into the environment from coal waste. About 15% of the arsenic in the condensate sample is labile and can release into the environment under leaching processes. The water extractable arsenic (WEA) in the fresh coal waste, fired coal wastes, and the condensate varied between 14.6 and 341 μg/kg, with As(V) as the major species. Furthermore, both MMA and DMA were found in fresh coal wastes, fired coal wastes, and the condensate.     

臭氧对再生水中指示病原微生物的灭活特性

以臭氧投加量(TOD)为臭氧消耗剂量评价指标,研究了北京市某实际再生水中臭氧对大肠杆菌及枯草芽孢的灭活特性,以及消毒过程中臭氧对溶解性有机碳(DOC)、色度、UV254、荧光强度的去除效果。在此基础之上,分析了色度与指示病原微生物灭活特性之间的相关性。结果表明,臭氧对大肠杆菌及枯草芽孢的灭活特性与余臭氧浓度有关。当水中无法检测到余臭氧时,随着TOD的增加,大肠杆菌灭活率增加的速率较慢,TOD增加 3 mg/L,灭活率增加了1.5 log。枯草芽孢则无显著灭活。当水中余臭氧浓度大于0时,大肠杆菌灭活率增加的速率快速提升,TOD增加 3 mg/L,灭活率增加了3 log。枯草芽孢灭活率也随TOD的增加而显著增加。消毒过程中,DOC无显著变化,而臭氧对色度、UV254、三维荧光强度的去除效果显著。当色度随TOD的增加而趋于稳定时,水中余臭氧浓度开始显著上升,预示着指示病原微生物开始进入高效灭活阶段。同时,进水色度越大,指示病原微生物进入高效灭活阶段所需的TOD越大。