青霉菌HHE-P7利用酱油废水产生微生物絮凝剂的研究

研究了微生物絮凝剂产生菌HHE-P7在酱油废水中产生微生物絮凝剂的絮凝特性。实验表明，酱油废水由于碳源丰富，是一种良好的培养基。HHE-P7菌最佳培养条件为：COD20000mg／L，K2HP041．0g／L，培养3d。最佳絮凝条件为在1L高岭土水中投加10～15mL微生物絮凝剂（MBF7），pH调至9，则絮凝率为90％以上；微生物絮凝荆在水系中主要起吸附架桥的作用。     

地下水环境影响评价中污染物运移模拟软件的适宜性评估

目前国内外已发展了一系列成熟的地下水污染物运移模拟软件,但是软件功能各异,易造成使用者的选择困扰.为满足HJ 610—2016《环境影响评价技术导则地下水环境》（简称“《导则》”）中关于环境影响预测工作精细化的要求,对国内外常用饱和带和包气带污染物运移模拟软件的适宜性进行了评估.首先,针对三款常用饱和带污染物运移模拟软件BIOSCREEN、AT123D和MT3D,基于理想算例对比4组水动力条件设置下的计算结果,分析软件的适宜性;其次,针对《导则》中暂未给出的包气带污染物运移模拟软件,以FEMWATER为例探讨了包气带阻滞作用对于地下水环境影响评价的重要性.结果表明:①BIOSCREEN由于忽略了分子扩散作用,当Pe（Peclet数）为0.25×10-3时,其预测的污染源下游10 m处污染物浓度为AT123D和MT3D计算值的1.8倍,存在高估污染风险的可能.②相比污染源直接设置于潜水面的情景,污染物从距潜水面11 m的地表泄露,经过包气带后污染源强降低了24%,下游85 m处污染物浓度达到0.1 mg/L的时间延迟了390 d.③当地下水流速较慢,分子扩散作用相比对流作用占优势时,适用MT3D开展数值模拟或者采用AT123D进行解析预测;当对流作用占优势且水文地质条件接近解析解假设时,可利用BIOSCREEN粗估污染风险.研究显示,包气带污染物运移模拟软件有助于合理地预测污染物在地下水环境中的运移转化行为,从而更准确地估计污染源强和判定地下水环境污染风险.      

地质污染源中汞的迁移转化

对21个金属矿区作了调查,发现埋藏深达300m或被160m厚土壤覆盖的矿体以及富汞岩石在其上方土壤中含汞量明显增高。本工作初步探讨了含汞地质体中汞的迁移和转化。试验表明,地质体中汞呈多种存在形式,其中汞可转化为气态和可溶态,并沿岩石孔隙和断裂构造向上迁移。含汞硫化物中汞的迁移是与汞的含留及其存在形式、矿物组成、地下水的性质和活动以及迁移通道的发育程度有关。在含氯离子浓度高的地下水条件下,可溶性汞将以稳定络合物形式长距离迁移。土壤中的有机质,铁、锰高价氧化物,粘土矿物等对表层土壤中汞的富集有重要影响。     

~(14)C在陆地生态系统碳循环研究中的应用及进展

深刻理解陆地生态系统碳循环有助于提高未来气候预测的准确性。~(14)C是陆地生态系统碳循环研究中广泛应用的重要工具,本文对~(14)C在土壤有机碳周转时间和平均停留时间的评估、陆地生态系统释放CO_2的源解析、河流有机碳的源解析及陆地生态系统碳循环对气候变化和土地利用的响应等四个方面的应用及进展进行了细致的介绍,最后展望了~(14)C应用于陆地碳循环研究发展趋势,并对国内相关研究的开展提出了几点建议。     

O3/UV降解喹啉过程中不同氧化剂的相对重要性

研究O3 /UV降解自配喹啉水溶液时水体中存在的不同氧化剂对喹啉降解的相对重要性的结果表明 ,O3 和·OH是喹啉降解过程的主要氧化剂 .通过靛蓝二磺酸钠法和·OH探针化合物 (对氯苯甲酸 )法分别测定了水体中的O3 浓度和·OH浓度 ,定量地计算了O3 和·OH在降解喹啉时的相对重要性 ,得到喹啉与·OH的二级反应速率常数为 6 65× 1 0 9mol·(L·s) - 1.在本试验条件下 ,由·OH引起的喹啉去除率占总去除率的 88% ,而由O3 引起的喹啉去除率占总去除率的 1 2 % .提高水体中·OH的浓度有利于提高喹啉的总降解速率 .     

Evaluation of soil washing process with carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin and carboxymethyl chitosan for recovery of PAHs/heavy metals/fluorine from metallurgic plant site

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)/heavy metals/fluorine(F) mixed-contaminated sites caused by abandoned metallurgic plants are receiving wide attention. To address the associated environmental problems,this study was initiated to investigate the feasibility of using carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin(CMCD) and carboxymethyl chitosan(CMC) solution to enhance ex situ soil washing for extracting mixed contaminants. Further,Tenax extraction method was combined with a first-three-compartment model to evaluate the environmental risk of residual PAHs in washed soil. In addition,the redistribution of heavy metals/F after decontamination was also estimated using a sequential extraction procedure. Three successive washing cycles using50 g/L CMCD and 5 g/L CMC solution were effective to remove 94.3% of total PAHs,93.2% of Pb,85.8% of Cd,93.4% of Cr,83.2% of Ni and 97.3% of F simultaneously. After the 3rd washing,the residual PAHs mainly existed as very slowly desorbing fractions,which were in the form of well-aged,well-sequestered compounds; while the remaining Pb,Cd,Cr,Ni and F mainly existed as Fe–Mn oxide and residual fractions,which were always present in stable mineral forms or bound to non-labile soil fractions. Therefore,this combined cleanup strategy proved to be effective and environmentally friendly.     

非点源污染模型研究

随着工业污染源的有效控制,非点源污染已经成为我国重要污染类型之一,如何科学地认识并有效控制非点源污染因而成为一个紧迫的研究课题.本文回顾了描述非点源的基础工具--非点源模型30多年来的发展历史,就非点源模型的主要类型、结构和特点进行了系统的总结,并对目前主要的非点源模型进行了比较分析,探讨了非点源模型发展的趋势,以期为我国非点源污染的控制提供可借鉴的经验.     

Antimony leaching release from brake pads: Effect of pH,temperature and organic acids

Metals from automotive brake pads pollute water, soils and the ambient air. The environmental effect on water of antimony (Sb) contained in brake pads has been largely untested. The content of Sb in one abandoned brake pad reached up to 1.62 × 10⁴ mg/kg. Effects of initial pH, temperature and four organic acids (acetic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid and humic acid) on Sb release from brake pads were studied using batch reactors. Approximately 30% (97 mg/L) of the total Sb contained in the brake pads was released in alkaline aqueous solution and at higher temperature after 30 days of leaching. The organic acids tested restrained Sb release, especially acetic acid and oxalic acid. The pH-dependent concentration change of Sb in aqueous solution was best fitted by a logarithmic function. In addition, Sb contained in topsoil from land where brake pads were discarded (average 9 × 10³ mg/kg) was 3000 times that in uncontaminated soils (2.7 ± 1 mg/kg) in the same areas. Because potentially high amounts of Sb may be released from brake pads, it is important that producers and environmental authorities take precautions.