粘土矿物对烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚的吸附行为

烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚(APEOn)是一类重要的非离子表面活性剂,广泛地应用于工业、农业和日常生活中.近年来,由于其生物代谢产物被证实具有较大的毒性,因此引起人们广泛关注.文章使用自然界广泛存在的天然蒙脱土对APEOn类物质NP9、NP10、TX-100进行吸附,该技术可为使用粘土矿物去除此类污染物提供理论依据.研究结果表明:APEOn在蒙脱土上有较高的吸附量,吸附等温线为S型,符合Langmuir-Freundlich吸附模型,吸附量大小为NP9>NP10>TX-100.温度对吸附的影响较大,在小于40 ℃时,升高温度吸附量减小,而当温度超过40 ℃时,升高温度则有利于吸附的进行.pH值对吸附的影响较小.吸附动力学拟合结果表明,APEOn在蒙脱土上的吸附符合假二级反应动力学,在初始质量浓度为300 mg·L-1时,NP9、NP10、TX-100的吸附速率常数分别为0.377、0.126、0.085 g·mg-1·min-1.解吸实验表明,在纯水中APEOn从蒙脱土上的解吸率并不大,但在乙醇溶液中,解吸率大大提高.     

生物法-人工湿地组合工艺处理小城镇混合污水研究

为适应小城镇污水处理高效、低耗、管理简单的要求,开展了生物法(水解酸化/生物接触氧化)-人工湿地组合工艺(A/BCO-CW)处理小城镇片区混合污水的研究。结果表明,A/BCO系统在停留时间为3～6 h条件下,对悬浮物和有机物有高的去除效率,COD、BOD5和TSS去除率分别达到63.1%、67.7%和66.2%,避免了人工湿地堵塞和提高处理效率,减少了所需湿地面积44%。全年运行结果表明,在0.30～0.59 m/d水力负荷率下,垂直流-表面流-水平潜流人工湿地组合系统对COD、BOD5和TSS平均去除负荷达9.4、5.1和7.2 g/(m2.d)(42%、71.2%和85.2%);COD、BOD5去除速率常数为74.6±12.1 m/y、166±30.5 m/y,这些数值均处于文献中k值范围的高量程内。A/BCO-人工湿地系统对COD、BOD5和TSS具有好的处理效果,出水水质能够稳定达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)的IV类水标准,2种处理方法有效组合起来,所开发的低成本、高效率、可持续运行的城镇废水处理组合系统,将会在实际应用尤其是高有机负荷污水处理中发挥良好效用。     

基于esp基因和JCV标记的MST方法在五大流域典型水源地中的应用

非点源污染目前已经成为影响水体环境的重要污染。微生物源示踪技术(microbial source tracking,MST)是解决非点源污染的一项新技术,它可以确定污染的宿主来源。肠球菌esp基因和多瘤病毒JCV可以作为检测水体中人源粪便污染的分子标记,其灵敏度和特异性都很高。为分析五大流域水源地是否受到人源粪便的污染,对辽河、海河、淮河、长江和黄河五大流域典型水源地水样进行采集和检测,选取人源粪便特异病原微生物肠球菌的esp基因和多瘤病毒JCV建立了相应的MST分子检测方法。结果表明,五大流域的典型水源地采样点均有可能受到了人源粪便的污染,可为当地相关部门提供技术支持和数据参考。     

潜流人工湿地水力学特性及工程设计

以净化低污染水体的潜流人工湿地水力学特性工程设计为重点,系统开展了室内外实验研究,并利用Peelet数分析了水平潜流人工湿地碎石床渗流返混程度。结果表明,潜流人工湿地集水花管孔口出流计算、基质填料内渗流计算、碎石床平均水力停留时间计算可分别借鉴薄壁孔口恒定淹没出流、线性或非线性渗流、活塞流理论;但受工程实际条件及运行淤堵等影响,工程实测结果均小于理论计算值。基于室内外实验成果,提出一套包括集配水系统水力计算、填料内渗流计算、平均水力停留时间计算在内的潜流人工湿地水力学特性计算方法和参数选择,可为人工湿地技术的工程设计提供借鉴。     

磷酸根和镉离子在羟基铁改性膨润土表面的协同吸附机制研究

聚合羟基金属-粘土矿物复合物广泛存在于自然环境中,对重金属阳离子和含氧酸根阴离子均有很好的吸附能力,因此对这些化合物的环境迁移过程及污染控制具有重要影响.研究采用FeCl₃和Na₂CO₃共同改性膨润土,制备了羟基铁－膨润土复合物（HyFe-Bent）.XRD和孔结构分析结果发现,HyFe-Bent的d₀₀₁由原土的1.52 nm增加到1.81 nm,比表面积由原土的52.2 m²·g^-1增大到108.4 m²·g^-1.将HyFe-Bent用于同时吸附水中磷酸根（P）和镉离子（Cd）,结果表明,在实验条件下P和Cd在HyFe-Bent上表现出明显的协同吸附效应,溶液pH升高可促进Cd的吸附但降低P的吸附.此外研究了P和Cd吸附次序对它们吸附性能的影响：在先吸附P的体系中两种物质的吸附性能与同时吸附体系相当,而在先吸附Cd的体系中吸附性能则明显低于同时吸附体系.由此提出P和Cd协同吸附的原理是多种吸附机制共存：除了配体交换和离子交换作用,它们在HyFe-Bent表面还发生了表面沉淀作用,可能形成了Fe-P-Cd三元络合产物.论文研究结果可为了解重金属和含氧酸根复合体系的环境行为及污染控制提供新信息.     

Could wastewater analysis be a useful tool for China? — A review

Analysingwastewater samples is an innovative approach that overcomesmany limitations of traditional surveys to identify and measure a range of chemicals that were consumed by or exposed to people living in a sewer catchment area. First conceptualised in 2001, much progress has been made to make wastewater analysis (WWA) a reliable and robust tool for measuring chemical consumption and/or exposure. At the moment, the most popular application of WWA, sometimes referred as sewage epidemiology, is to monitor the consumption of illicit drugs in communities around the globe, including China. The approach has been largely adopted by lawenforcement agencies as a device tomonitor the temporal and geographical patterns of drug consumption. In the future, themethodology can be extended to other chemicals including biomarkers of population health (e.g. environmental or oxidative stress biomarkers, lifestyle indicators or medications that are taken by different demographic groups) and pollutants that people are exposed to (e.g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, perfluorinated chemicals, and toxic pesticides). The extension of WWA to a huge range of chemicals may give rise to a field called sewage chemical-information mining (SCIM) with unexplored potentials. China has many densely populated cities with thousands of sewage treatment plants which are favourable for applying WWA/SCIM in order to help relevant authorities gather information about illicit drug consumption and population health status. However, there are some prerequisites and uncertainties of the methodology that should be addressed for SCIM to reach its full potential in China.     

The spatial-temporal differentiation of green land use in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei urban agglomeration

ABSTRACT

As the space carrier of the construction of ecological civilization, land’s green and efficient utilization is an important guarantee for realizing national sustainable development. Based on traditional land evaluation, this paper scientifically defines the green land use, puts land as one of the production factors, and brings energy consumption, environmental pollution, etc. into the input-output system to measure the green land utilization efficiency of the urban construction land of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration from 2006 to 2016. The study shows that the overall efficiency variation of the urban agglomeration is related with the land and environment policies. Efficiency of 2016 is higher than that of 2006, and energy and environment are the principal factors affecting the green land use. The efficiency of each city is positively correlated with its economic development, negatively correlated with the construction land expansion. Efficiency gaps in different cities are expanding. There is positive correlation with overall weak space between cities, and the partial spatial agglomeration phenomenon appears. Therefore, the green land use efficiency could be improved by improving land utilization efficiency, coordinating economic growth of construction land utilization with environmental protection and taking feasible ways to transregional renovation of the stock ecological land utilization, etc.     

Effects of the adaptations to climate changes on the income of herdsmen in Qinghai Province

This study aims to implement the empirical analysis of the effects of the adaptive measures on the income of herdsmen in the context of the climate change with the positive mathematical programming(PMP)model.The survey was first implemented in three counties in the Three Headwaters Region.Finally the measures and recommendations suitable for the economic development in the ecologically fragile areas were proposed.The main conclusions are as follows:priority can be given to the measures to prevent the damage from rats and the engineering measures for pasture maintenance in Zeku County,where the geological conditions and grass quality are inferior,while the fiscal subsidy can be prioritized in Tongde County where the grassland area is relatively less.These recommendations can not only provide good reference for the protection of grassland resources,but they also lay a foundation for the implementation of more suitable measures to help the herdsmen in the ecologically fragile areas to adapt to the climate change.     

川东平行岭谷区野生春剑伴生植物群落特征研究

为了对春剑野生种群生物多样性保护和再引入生态重建提供理论和技术基础,采用典型样地调查法,对川东平行岭谷区野生春剑伴生植物群落特征进行了研究。结果表明：野生春剑主要分布在松科与壳斗科针阔混交林、壳斗科常绿 落叶阔叶混交林和松树林植物群落,伴生植物有40科58属70种,优势种主要是乔木层的马尾松、青冈、巴山松、油松等,灌木层的杜鹃花、马桑、山茶花等,草本层的蕨类和地被层的苔藓。其中,马尾松、杜鹃花、蕨类、苔藓具有较高的重要值,可作为野生春剑栖息地的指示植物。春剑伴生植物种类具有相对的特异性和选择性,与其它群落相比,群落3、群落4和群落6物种多样性指数H′和均匀度指数E都相对较低,松科和壳斗科植物个体数量较多并占有突出地位,春剑种群的生态密度也相对较高。虽然川东平行岭谷区野生春剑的适生生境条件依然存在,但春剑种群数量总体较小,种群的生态密度在11～60株/hm2,人为破坏性的滥采,是其濒危的直接原因。加强野生春剑资源的就地保护和生境保护,突破春剑种子野生环境共生萌发技术瓶颈,积极开展春剑的“再引入”工作,是春剑保育策略的重要方向     

气象激光雷达的城市边界层探测

为了研究城市边界层结构变化特征,2005年7月利用气象激光雷达在南京城区做了城市边界层探测试验,就此次观测试验作了简要叙述并选取部分观测资料为示例,着重对气象激光雷达确定城市边界层高度垂直分布及逐时变化以及地面气象环境对边界层的日变化影响进行了初步分析.结果表明,主要由近地层对流混合形成的城市边界层高度具有典型的日变化特点,早晚比较低,日间有一个从低到高再到低的变化过程.提出了一种由边界层混合状态确定边界层高度的方法.分析结果表明,由气溶胶消光系数确定城市边界层高度比较准确.将MSL探测结果与同步的低空无线电探测仪的温度探测结果进行比较,结果表明,两者获得的实际廓线分布相当吻合,线性良好.就地表温度、辐射、湿度及云等气象要素对边界层垂直分布及时间变化的影响做了分析.结果表明,这些气象要素的分布对城市边界层高度的垂直分布及其逐时变化有明显影响.