土壤污染物的生态毒理效应和风险评估研究进展

环境生态风险评估（ERA）流程已经被纳入全球环境政策中,既用于规范新化学物质的授权和营销（前瞻性环境生态风险评估）,也用于评估潜在的污染场地（回顾性环境生态风险评估）。将土壤生态毒理学应用于风险评估,能阐明有毒物质对土壤生态系统中生命有机体的危害程度与范围。笔者主要介绍了应用评估因子法和物种敏感度分布法对基于效应数据进行的外推与估算,并综述了欧美等主要国家和地区的土壤生态风险评估框架、相关法律法规及其实施情况等,为中国开展土壤污染物生态毒理效应和风险评估等相关研究提供参考。     

微波消解-氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定生活污水中的微量砷

采用硝酸-高氯酸微波消解水样,在盐酸介质中以硫脲-抗坏血酸处理样品,以硼氰化钾的氢氧化钠溶液为还原剂,氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定生活污水中的痕量砷.方法检出限＜0.02μg/L,精密度0.14%,加标回收率92%～108%,操作简单,结果准确,重现性好.     

Mn对超富集植物青葙Cd毒害的缓解效应

为了探究Cd胁迫下青葙中Mn的生理作用,通过水培实验,研究在Cd暴露下(0、5和25 μmol·L-1 )施加Mn(5、100和1 000 μmol·L-1 )对青葙的干重、叶绿素含量、Cd含量和青葙根部不同区域实时Cd2+流速的影响.结果表明,提高Mn的供应水平可缓解Cd对青葙生长的抑制效应.在Cd浓度为5 μmol...     

75％戊唑·嘧菌酯可溶性粉剂对3种昆虫的急性毒性与初级风险评估

为明确75％戊唑·嘧菌酯可溶性粉剂对意大利蜜蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂和家蚕的急性毒性和初级风险.采用国标《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》(GB/T 31270—2014)中的4种方法,包括饲喂法(蜜蜂经口)、点滴法(蜜蜂接触)、药膜法(赤眼蜂)和浸叶法(家蚕),分别测定了该农药对上述3种非靶标昆虫的急性毒性,并根据国标《农药登记环境风险评估指南》(NY/T 2882—2016)把这些结果用于该药的初级风险评估.结果表明,75％戊唑·嘧菌酯可溶性粉剂对意大利蜜蜂的急性接触毒性48 h半致死剂量(48 h-LD50)为>105μg·蜂-1,急性经口毒性48 h-LD50为65.9μg·蜂-1,对蜜蜂的风险可接受(风险商(RQ)=0.135≤1).对玉米螟赤眼蜂的急性毒性24 h半致死用量(24 h-LR50)为2.81×10-6 mg·cm-2,对玉米螟赤眼蜂的农田内和农田外喷雾场景风险均不可接受(危害商HQin=1199>5,HQoff=24.2>5).对家蚕的急性毒性96 h半致死浓度(96 h-LC50)为596 mg·L-1,对家蚕的喷雾场景下的最外围桑树风险不可接受(RQ=7.47>1),次外围桑树风险可接受(RQ=0.457≤1).对不可接受的风险,宜采取风险减轻措施,如喷雾施药期间禁止释放赤眼蜂,避免在桑园周围喷雾法施药等,以达到保护非靶标环境生物的目的.     

老化过程中铜形态变化的X射线吸收精细结构谱的(XAFS)初步研究

利用X射线吸收精细结构谱(XAFS)对老化过程中土壤中铜的分子形态进行初步表征。以硫酸铜、氧化铜和硫化铜的X射线吸收扩展边结构(EXAFS)谱为参比,对土壤样品中Cu的EXAFS谱进行拟合,得到不同老化阶段与参比物质相对应的结合态Cu的百分含量,并与连续提取法表征进行比较。XAFS分析结果表明,老化阶段土壤样品中铜的主要结合形态是CuSO_4,同时还有部分CuS,基本不含有CuO。随着时间的推移,土壤中CuSO_4百分含量呈现出下降的趋势,CuS百分含量呈现出上升的趋势。这与连续提取法研究结果中其可交换态的百分比下降,残渣态上升的趋势相似。     

Evaluation of the emission characteristics of PCDD/Fs from electric arc furnaces

Distribution of PCDD/F (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran) congeners at two electric arc furnaces (EAFs) in Taiwan is evaluated via intensive stack sampling and analysis. Two kinds of exhaust system in EAFs including stack system and shutter system are selected for measuring dioxin emissions. In addition, dioxin emissions during oxidation and reduction stages at EAF-A were characterized. Results indicate that the PCDD/F concentration of stack gas in EAF-A was 4.39 ng/N m³ while total Toxic Equivalent Quantity (TEQ) concentration was 0.35 ng I-TEQ/N m³. The PCDD/F concentration of stack gas in EAF-B was 2.20 ng/N m³ and the TEQ concentration was 0.14 ng I-TEQ/N m³. 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-H_pCDF, OCDD and OCDF are the major contributors of the dioxin concentrations for two EAFs investigated and the percentage of PCDD/F in particulate phase increases as the chlorination level of the PCDD/F congener increases. The results obtained on gas/particulate partitioning of PCDD/Fs in flue gases prior to the APCD in EAFs indicate that more than 90% exists in particulate phase. In EAF-A, the PCDD/F concentration during oxidation stage is slightly higher than that measured during reduction stage, including the sampling points of CO converter outlet, prior to bag filter and stack. Majority of PCDD/Fs emitted from steel-making processes exists in particulate-phase (about 60–70%) at both EAFs investigated.     

The concentrations, distribution and sources of PAHs in agricultural soils and vegetables from Shunde, Guangdong, China

The concentrations, distribution and sources of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in 30 agricultural soil and 16 vegetable samples collected from subtropical Shunde area, an important manufacturing center in China. The total PAHs ranged from 33.7 to 350 μg/kg in soils, and 82 to 1,258 μg/kg in vegetables. The most abundant individual PAHs are phenanthrene, fluoranthene, chrysene, pyrene and benzo(b)fluoranthene for soil samples, and anthracene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene and chrysene for vegetable samples. Average vegetable–soil ratios of total PAHs were 2.20 for leafy vegetables and 1.27 for fruity vegetables. Total PAHs in vegetable samples are not significantly correlated to those in corresponding soil samples. Principal component analyses were conducted to distinguish samples on basis of their distribution in each town, soil type and vegetable specie. Relatively abundant soil PAHs were found in town Jun’an, Beijiao, Chencun, Lecong and Ronggui, while abundant vegetable PAHs were observed in town Jun’an, Lecong, Xingtan, Daliang and Chenchun. The highest level of total PAHs were found in vegetable soil, followed by pond sediment and “stacked soil” on pond banks. The PAHs contents in leafy vegetables are higher than those in fruity vegetables. Some PAH compound ratios suggest the PAHs derived from incomplete combustion of petroleum, coal and refuse from power generation and ceramic manufacturing, and paint spraying on furniture, as well as sewage irrigation from textile industries. Soil PAHs contents have significant logarithmic correlation with total organic carbon, which demonstrates the importance of soil organic matter as sorbent to prevent losses of PAHs.     

三维电极电催化氧化法处理废水的研究进展

综述了近几年国内外在三维电极电化学反应器方面的最新研究进展,分析了电源的输出形式、阴阳极板的布置方式、粒子电极的填充方式等因素对废水处理效果的影响,探讨了碳纳米材料等新材料在粒子电极载体上的应用,最后介绍了三维电极法与其他技术联用的最新研究,并指出了三维电极法存在的问题及今后的研究方向。     

冀西北黄土丘陵沟壑区梯田地埂植物篱的固埂作用与效益分析

经对张家口地区梯田地埂植物篱的研究表明 ,其固埂作用非常显著 ,且能够改善土壤的理化性状及水分状况 ,有效地拦蓄地表径流及泥沙 ,提高作物产量 ,具有明显的经济效益 ,在当地具有很广泛的推广应用价值     

试论加强环境保护对促进人与自然和谐发展的影响

人与自然的关系,一直是人类关注的焦点。人类对于自身在自然界的地位以及二者之间关系的认识经历了漫长而曲折的过程。大家都非常重视人与自然的和谐相处。随着生产力的发展,人类对自然的征服力量越来越强,但人类从未停止对自然界的保护。党的十六届四中全会提出的构建社会主义和谐社会,不仅对人与人、人与社会的和谐提出了要求,还包括人与自然的和谐共处。显然,人与自然的和谐已成为构建和谐社会的有机组成部分。