若尔盖花湖沉积物氨氧化与反硝化功能基因丰度垂向分布特征及其环境响应

若尔盖湿地作为中国最大的泥炭沼泽区,是生物地球化学循环的重要场所.本文以若尔盖湿地的花湖为研究对象,采集0～47 cm的沉积物样品,通过实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)技术,探究沉积物中氨氧化(amoA)和反硝化(nirS、nirK、nosZ clade I)功能基因丰度的垂向分布特征,及其对环境因子的响应.结果表明:花湖沉积物中古菌amoA基因丰度在垂向分布上呈下降趋势,而nirS基因丰度呈上升趋势;古菌和细菌的amoA基因丰度相近,nirS基因丰度则远高于nirK基因,且氨氧化功能基因丰度整体上比反硝化功能基因低1～2个数量级.总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨态氮(NH~+_4-N)、硝态氮(NO~-_3-N)和亚硝态氮(NO~-_2-N)与古菌amoA基因丰度均呈显著正相关关系(p0.05),而与nirS基因丰度呈显著负相关关系(p0.05).这两种功能基因明显受到花湖沉积物中不同形式氮素浓度的影响与限制.通过研究花湖沉积物氨氧化与反硝化功能基因的垂向分布特征及其对环境的响应,可为深入了解高原湖泊沉积物中的氮循环机理提供参考.     

强壮前沟藻生消过程中水体的散射特性

基于2011年7月藻类培养实验期间的实测数据,研究了强壮前沟藻生消过程中水体的散射特性.结果表明,强壮前沟藻本次培养周期共21d,前15 d为生长期,之后进入消亡期;生消过程中水体散射光谱变化明显,叶绿素浓度较低时,散射系数随波长增加近似呈幂函数衰减,而叶绿素浓度较高时,蓝绿光波段散射系数随波长增加呈现近似线性增大趋势,红光波段叶绿素强吸收造成的散射谷更明显;生长期和消亡期时,散射系数与叶绿素浓度幂函数回归的可决系数均随波长增加逐渐增大,750 nm波段达到最大值,R2分别为0.95、0.97;生长期时,蓝光波段散射占总散射量的比例逐渐减小,而红光波段逐渐增大,绿光波段变化较小,但基本呈现增大趋势,水色由蓝绿色逐渐变为红褐色,消亡期时,恰恰相反;生长期和消亡期的绿蓝、红蓝、红绿波段散射比与叶绿素浓度均存在正相关关系,说明随叶绿素浓度增加水色逐渐趋近于长波颜色.     

连续流亚硝化中试反应器的启动及其能力提升

通过接种污水处理厂压滤后污泥,添加悬浮填料进行挂膜,采用连续流反应器处理模拟氨氮污水,对反应器的游离氨(FA)、游离亚硝酸(FNA)以及溶解氧(DO)进行调控,实现了中试亚硝化反应器的成功启动.结果表明,通过前期高DO,后期低DO的运行模式,并对反应器运行过程中的FA、FNA进行调控实现了AOB的富集和NOB的淘汰,启动成功后反应器内部亚硝酸盐产生速率(NPR)达到1.27 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),亚硝酸盐积累率(NAR)也稳定在98%.采用实时荧光定量PCR方法(quantitative real time PCR,q PCR)对启动初期和成功启动后反应器中的功能微生物(AOB、NOB)进行分析,q PCR结果表明反应功能微生物AOB的拷贝数从启动初期的5.3×10~9copies·m L~(-1)增长到1.6×10~(11)copies·m L~(-1),NOB的拷贝数反而从1.1×10~(10)copies·m L~(-1)下降到1.2×10~9copies·m L~(-1),AOB拷贝数的数量级比NOB的要高2个数量级,这也是在启动过程中通过DO、FA、FNA等措施对NOB联合抑制的作用.     

Forest Insect Pest Management and Forest Management in China: An Overview

According to the Seventh National Forest Inventory (2004–2008), China’s forests cover an area of 195.45 million ha, or 20.36% of the total land area. China has the most rapidly increasing forest resources in the world. However, China is also a country with serious forest pest problems. There are more than 8,000 species of potential forest pests in China, including insects, plant diseases, rodents and lagomorphs, and hazardous plants. Among them, 300 species are considered as economically or ecologically important, and half of these are serious pests, including 86 species of insects. Forest management and utilization have a considerable influence on the stability and sustainability of forest ecosystems. At the national level, forestry policies always play a major role in forest resource management and forest health protection. In this paper, we present a comprehensive overview of both achievements and challenges in forest management and insect pest control in China. First, we summarize the current status of forest resources and their pests in China. Second, we address the theories, policies, practices and major national actions on forestry and forest insect pest management, including the Engineering Pest Management of China, the National Key Forestry Programs, the Classified Forest Management system, and the Collective Forest Tenure Reform. We analyze and discuss three representative plantations—Eucalyptus, poplar and Masson pine plantations—with respect to their insect diversity, pest problems and pest management measures.     

江油市降水pH值的时间分布特征及控制对策

根据江油市2001～2009年的监测资料,首次分析江油市降水PH值的状况和变化.在降水酸碱类型的频率分布统计特征的基础上,探讨江油市降水pH值的季节分布特征及夏季酸雨的成因,并提出控制措施.     

氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定饮用水中的铅

通过改变仪器条件及试剂配比进行优选实验,利用原子荧光光谱法测定饮用水中的铅可知:铅的检出限是0.020μg/L,能够满足GB 5749-2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》的要求;同时原子荧光光谱仪分析样品灵敏度高、重现性好、干扰少、操作简便、分析快捷,测定样品的准确度和精密度均能达到质量控制要求。     

湿润区与干旱区典型湖泊湿地对比案例研究

选取东部湿润区与西北干早区典型湖泊湿地--洞庭湖湿地与艾比湖湿地,对其湿地资源特征、湿地生态服务功能及价值、湿地退化的表征和退化湿地生态恢复对策等方面进行了比较研究.通过研究发现,湿润区湖泊湿地资源禀赋优于干早区湖泊湿地,湿润区湖泊湿地与干旱区湖泊湿地均具有较强的生态服务功能和较高的价值,在湿地退化表征方面有共性也有差异,针对不同气候区域的退化湖泊湿地应采取不同的恢复对策.     

Long-range atmospheric transport of persistent organochlorinated compounds from south and mainland south-eastern Asia to a remote mountain site in south-western China

A range of organochlorinated compounds have been consumed in China, India and the countries of mainland southeast Asia (MSA). Considering their persistence in the environment and ability in long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT), the potential outflow of these compounds from this region is therefore of great concern in the context of the global distribution of toxic chemicals. As part of a monitoring campaign aimed at investigating the LRAT of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from southern China, MSA and northern India, atmospheric levels of OCPs and PCBs were measured once a week from October 2005 through December 2006 at Tengchong Mountain (TM), a remote site located in south-western China. The average concentrations of OCPs were found to be higher than those in other remote stations in the Arctic and the Tibetan plateau, except for α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH). A high level of β-HCH and low α-HCH/β-HCH ratio was attributed to an accidental release of β-HCH from unknown sources, besides obvious evidence of lindane (γ-HCH) and technical HCH usage. Temporal variations of chlordanes and endosulfan were related to the usage pattern of these compounds, as well as LRAT. In contrast, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) exhibited a relatively minor seasonal variation. The OCP levels at the monitoring site were found to be related to the air parcel back trajectories on the basis of four distinct clusters. Elevated levels of HCHs and DDTs were observed when air parcels originated from northern India where considerable OCP usage was reported recently, while high levels of γ-HCH and TC (trans-chlordane) were mainly associated with air masses from southern China and northern MSA. The study highlighted the high background level of OCPs as well as their temporal patterns of trans-boundary LRAT in the MSA region.     

水溶液中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的UV/H2O2矿化试验

采用UV/H2O2催化氧化工艺进行水中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NP-10)的降解和矿化试验,考察了H2O2投加量、溶液初始pH值、UV功率和反应温度对NP-10矿化效率的影响,并采用GC-MS对降解过程中间产物进行初步分析。结果表明:UV/H2O2体系能有效降解水溶液中的NP-10,在NP-10初始质量浓度为100.0mg/L、UV功率为45W、H2O2投加量为10.0mmol/L、溶液初始pH值为3.0、反应温度为25℃的条件下,20min时NP-10的去除率可达98.0%以上,240min时TOC去除率可达98.3%;NP-10的矿化过程符合拟一级动力学,矿化速率常数随光强和H2O2投加量的增加而增加,较低的pH值和较高的反应温度有助于NP-10的矿化;降解中间产物主要是酚类化合物;随着反应时间的增加,NP-10及其降解中间产物可以被完全矿化成CO2和H2O。