Soil contamination with antibiotics in a typical peri-urban area in eastern China: Seasonal variation, risk assessment, and microbial responses

The prevalence and persistence of antibiotics in soils has become an emerging environmental issue and an increasing threat to soil security and global public health. The problem is more severe in areas undergoing rapid urbanization; however, the ecological risks of antibiotics, seasonal variability, and associated soil microbial responses in peri-urban soils have not been well-explored. The seasonal soil sampling campaigns were conducted in a typical peri-urban watershed in eastern China to investigate distribution of antibiotics. The results demonstrated higher mean concentrations of most antibiotic compounds in winter than in summer in peri-urban soils. The seasonal variations of norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin were more significant than those of other antibiotics, due to their higher migration ability and bioavailability. An ecological risk assessment demonstrated that chlortetracycline, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, and ofloxacin can pose high risks to soil microorganisms. Furthermore, the coexistence of multiple antibiotics obviously poses higher risks than individual compounds. A redundancy analysis demonstrated that tetracyclines mainly showed negative correlations with Firmicutes and Chloroflexi, and quinolones showed obviously negative correlations with Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Nitrospirae, suggesting potential inhibition from antibiotics on biological activities or biodegradation processes. However, the persistence of antibiotics in soil results in a significant decrease in bacterial diversity and a change in dominant species. Our results provide an overview of the seasonal variability of antibiotics and the associated effects on bacterial communities in peri-urban soils. The results can provide scientific guidance on decreasing soil contamination with antibiotics to enhance soil security in similar areas.     

香溪河大型底栖动物24 h漂流规律研究

漂流行为是大型底栖动物适应河流水文过程的重要生物行为,也是研究河流底栖动物时空分布过程的重要依据,研究底栖动物的漂流规律对了解河流生态系统纵向格局的形成过程和演变机制具有重要意义.2017年8月选择湖北省香溪河的2条支流（九冲河与高岚河）研究大型底栖动物的漂流种类、昼夜节律和功能摄食类群构成.结果表明:①九冲河与高岚河漂流底栖动物均以蜉蝣目（Ephemeroptera）占绝对优势,相对丰度分别为76.9%、96.1%.九冲河的漂流物种数（35种）远高于高岚河（14种）.②优势物种分析表明,九冲河的优势物种为高翔蜉（Epeorus sp.）、弯握蜉（Drunella sp.）、四节蜉（Baetis sp.）、花翅蜉（Baetiella sp.）、扁蚴蜉（Ecdyonurus sp.）、沼石蛾（Limnophilidae sp.）、等翅石蛾（Philopotamidae sp.）和蚋（Simulium sp.）,高岚河的优势物种为花翅蜉和高翔蜉.③2条河流大型底栖动物的漂流均为显著的夜漂流类型,且漂流高峰期均出现在06:00.九冲河的夜漂者以襀翅目（Plecoptera）为主,高岚河以蜉蝣目为主.不同物种漂流的昼夜节律不同,高翔蜉、弯握蜉、扁蚴蜉、沼石蛾、等翅石蛾和蚋的第1个漂流密度高峰期均出现在20:00-22:00;四节蜉的第1个漂流密度高峰期出现在04:00-06:00;而花翅蜉的第1个漂流密度高峰期在九冲河出现的时间为04:00-06:00,在高岚河为02:00-04:00.④昼夜间漂流底栖动物的功能摄食类群和生活类型群落组成也有一定差异,但总体来看,漂流者的功能摄食类群均以收集者为主,以游泳生活者占主要优势.研究显示,九冲河与高岚河底栖动物的漂流节律表现出明显的差异性,其人为活动强度的差异是造成漂流规律差异的主要原因.      

季节性温差变化对非控温PN-Anammox工艺稳定脱氮的影响

采用具有自回流的分区式部分亚硝化(PN)和厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)耦合工艺,利用季节性温度的变化,研究了逐步降温对耦合工艺整体脱氮效能及各区域氮素转化能力的影响.结果表明,当温度由35℃降低到25℃时,因厌氧区Anammox的氮去除速率由18 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1)下降到9 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1),导致耦合工艺的整体氮去除速率大幅度下降,由1 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1)下降到0.5 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1).当温度降低到20℃时,联合工艺的脱氮速率下降趋势趋于缓慢,但好氧区的NO~-_2-N生成速率开始明显下降,由0.9 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1)下降到0.2 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1).同时,亚硝化菌(AOB)的优势生长被打破,硝化菌(NOB)开始大量增长,出水NO~-_3-N浓度迅速增大.运用Arrhenius公式对联合工艺总氮去除速率及各个区域氮转化速率与温度的关系进行非线性拟合,发现厌氧区Anammox的氮去除速率的温度特征系数比好氧区NO~-_2生成速率的温度特征系数大,表明温度对PN-Anammox工艺的Anammox的效能影响更大.     

若尔盖花湖沉积物氨氧化与反硝化功能基因丰度垂向分布特征及其环境响应

若尔盖湿地作为中国最大的泥炭沼泽区,是生物地球化学循环的重要场所.本文以若尔盖湿地的花湖为研究对象,采集0～47 cm的沉积物样品,通过实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)技术,探究沉积物中氨氧化(amoA)和反硝化(nirS、nirK、nosZ clade I)功能基因丰度的垂向分布特征,及其对环境因子的响应.结果表明:花湖沉积物中古菌amoA基因丰度在垂向分布上呈下降趋势,而nirS基因丰度呈上升趋势;古菌和细菌的amoA基因丰度相近,nirS基因丰度则远高于nirK基因,且氨氧化功能基因丰度整体上比反硝化功能基因低1～2个数量级.总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨态氮(NH~+_4-N)、硝态氮(NO~-_3-N)和亚硝态氮(NO~-_2-N)与古菌amoA基因丰度均呈显著正相关关系(p0.05),而与nirS基因丰度呈显著负相关关系(p0.05).这两种功能基因明显受到花湖沉积物中不同形式氮素浓度的影响与限制.通过研究花湖沉积物氨氧化与反硝化功能基因的垂向分布特征及其对环境的响应,可为深入了解高原湖泊沉积物中的氮循环机理提供参考.     

Bioelectrochemical acidolysis of magnesia to induce struvite crystallization for recovering phosphorus from aqueous solution

A novel struvite crystallization method induced by bioelectrochemical acidolysis of magnesia(MgO) was investigated to recover phosphorus(P) from aqueous solution using a dual-chamber microbial electrolysis cell(DMEC). Magnesium ion(Mg~(2+)) in the anolyte was firstly confirmed to automatically migrate from the anode chamber to the cathode chamber, and then react with ammonium(NH+4) and phosphate(PO_4~(3-)) in the catholyte to form struvite. Recovery efficiency of 17.8%–60.2% was obtained with the various N/P ratios in the catholyte. When MgO(low solubility under alkali conditions) was added into the anolyte, the bioelectrochemical acidolysis of MgO naturally took place and the released Mg~(2+)induced struvite crystallization in the cathode chamber for P recovery likewise.Besides, there was a strong linear positive correlation between the recovery efficiency and the MgO dosage(R~2= 0.935), applied voltage(R~2= 0.969) and N/P ratio(R~2= 0.905). Increasing the applied voltage was found to enhance the P recovery via promoting the MgO acidolysis and the released Mg~(2+)migration, while increasing the N/P ratio in the catholyte enhanced the P recovery via promoting the struvite crystallization. Moreover, the electrochemical performance of the system was promoted due to more stable anolyte pH and lower pH gradient between the two chambers. Current density was promoted by 10%, while the COD removal efficiency was improved from 78.2% to 91.8% in the anode chamber.     

秸秆及配施生物炭对福州茉莉园土壤碳、氮、磷、铁含量及其生态化学计量学特征影响

为阐明施加秸秆及配施生物炭对茉莉花园土壤碳(TC)、氮(TN)、磷(TP)和铁(Fe)含量及其生态化学计量学特征的影响,并探讨土壤活性有机碳及碳库管理指数的响应,以福州茉莉园土壤为研究对象,设置对照、秸秆、秸秆配施生物炭3种处理样地,对施加处理下福州茉莉花园0～10 cm表层土壤碳、氮、磷、铁含量和生态化学计量学特征进...     

基于贝叶斯网络的社区配电网系统动态风险评估

社区配电网系统的安全分析和动态风险评估是配电网系统安全运行的关键环节。传统的可靠性指标无法反映社区配电网系统中物理元器件的状态和短路故障事件等本质安全问题对风险评估的影响。针对现有风险评估方法的局限性,提出一种基于贝叶斯网络的社区配电网系统安全分析与动态风险评估框架。首先,在标准可靠性指标的基础上,创新性地将社区配电网系统中物理元器件的故障率和短路故障事件引入到风险评估中,提出一种新的社区配电网停电风险评估指标体系,该评估指标体系综合考虑了社区配电网的可靠性指标和本质安全特性,能够全面反映社区配电网系统的动态风险;其次,提出一种基于故障树-贝叶斯网络的社区配电网系统动态风险评估方法;最后,以一个实际社区的配电网系统为案例,验证了该动态风险评估框架的可行性和有效性。案例分析结果表明:所提出的框架能够充分评估社区配电网系统的停电风险,并可以给出合理的安全措施,以有效降低社区配电网系统的动态风险。     

不同轮作模式下土壤细菌群落特征及其对土壤全碳、全氮与温室气体释放潜力影响

为了探讨不同轮作模式下农田土壤细菌群落特征对土壤全碳(TC)、全氮(TN)含量及温室气体释放潜力的影响,以安徽铜陵两种不同轮作模式农田土壤为研究对象,设置旱-旱轮作(姜-菜)及水-旱轮作(姜-稻)两种轮作模式样地,测定并分析土壤细菌群落及其多样性、土壤TC、TN含量及CH₄和N₂O释放潜力.结果表明,旱-旱和水-旱轮作模式下姜季均降低了土壤TC、TN含量,水-旱轮作模式下稻季增加了土壤CH₄释放潜力(p<0.05),其他时期CH₄和N₂O释放潜力差异不显著.不同轮作模式对土壤细菌群落多样性影响不同,细菌多样性指数表现为水-旱轮作模式>旱-旱轮作模式(p<0.05).水-旱轮作相比于旱-旱轮作节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)相对丰度增加,鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)和芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)相对丰度降低.芽胞杆菌属、Gaiella、Paenibacillus、Blastococcus等菌属在不同轮作模式下呈显著差异(p<0.05).Bryobacter、Bradyrhizobium和Mycobacterium与土壤C/N呈显著正相关(p<0.05).Acidothermus、Geodermatophilus、Blastococcus、Bacillus、Paenibacillus菌属对土壤N₂O释放有显著负效应(p<0.05).Conexibacter、Acidothermus和Geodermatophilus菌属对土壤CH₄释放具有显著正效应(p<0.05).本研究的开展对农田管理方式的选择及可持续生产均具有重要意义.     

硫自养反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化脱氮条件控制研究

采用全混式厌氧搅拌罐,研究自养条件下,厌氧氨氧化与硫自养反硝化共同存在时,前者对系统中硫酸盐的产生和碱度消耗的影响.投加单质硫颗粒50 g·L~(-1),接种厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥100 g·L~(-1)(湿重),控制温度35℃±0.5℃,搅拌强度120r·min-1,p H为8.0~8.4.启动硫自养反硝化阶段,进水硝酸盐浓度为200 mg·L~(-1),水力停留时间为5.3 h,反应器硝态氮负荷达0.56~0.71 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).硫自养反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化反应过程中,添加60 mg·L~(-1)氨氮后,硝态氮负荷仍维持在0.66~0.88kg·(m~3·d)~(-1),氨氮负荷为0.27 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).反应体系内单位硝酸盐转化产生的硫酸盐Δn(SO~(2-)_4)∶Δn(NO~-_3)由1.21±0.06降低至1.01±0.10,Δ(IC)∶Δ(NO~-_3-N)由0.72±0.1降低至0.51±0.11,出水p H值由6.5上升至7.2.序批试实验优化反应条件:在搅拌强度G_T值为22~64 s~(-1),p H值为8.08时,耦合反应Δn(NH~+_4)∶Δn(NO~-_3)最高达到0.43,硝酸盐转化速率提升60%,过高搅拌强度(搅拌速度G_T值64 s~(-1))、不适宜的p H值(最适p H值为8.02)环境都会起同步转化效率的降低.     

高压静电水处理技术的研究现状及其展望

高压静电场水处理技术是近几十年发展起来的、当今水处理领域中的一门高新技术。在此介绍了国内外高压静电场水处理机理和应用研究现状,并对今后高压静电场水处理技术研究提出几点展望。随着对高压静电场水处理机理研究的不断加强和完善。以及对高压静电水处理技术与其它水处理技术的联合水处理工艺研究的突破。高压静电场水处理技术有望成为一种极具应用前景的高效水处理技术。