Using coal for transportation in China: Life cycle GHG of coal-based fuel and electric vehicle,and policy implications

This paper compares the GHG emissions of coal-to-liquid (CTL) fuels to the GHG emissions of electric vehicles (EVs) powered with coal-to-electricity in China. A life cycle model is used to account for full fuel cycle and use-phase emissions, as well as vehicle cycle and battery manufacturing emissions. It is found that the reduction of life cycle GHG emissions of EVs charged by electricity generated from coal, without utilizing carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technology can be 3–36% when compared to petroleum-based gasoline car. The large range in emissions reduction potential is driven by the many different power generation technologies that are and could in the future be used to generate electricity in China. When CCS is employed in power plants, the GHG emission reductions increase to 60–70% compared to petroleum-based gasoline car. However, the use of coal to produce liquid transportation fuels (CTL fuels) will likely lead to significantly increased life cycle GHG emissions, potentially 30–140% higher than petroleum-based gasoline. When CCS is utilized in the CTL plant, the CTL fueled vehicles emit roughly equal GHG emissions to petroleum-based gasoline vehicles from the life cycle perspective. The authors conclude that policies are therefore needed in China in order to accelerate battery technology and infrastructural improvements for EV charging, increased energy efficiency management, and deployment of low-carbon technologies such as CCS.     

废旧塑料回收利用现状及问题

塑料制品在给人类带来便利的同时,也带来了极大的负效应,随着塑料使用量的大幅增加,废旧塑料由于难以自然降解,所造成的环境污染日趋严重。回收利用为处理废旧塑料垃圾开辟了减量化、无害化、资源化的道路。目前各国对废旧塑料回收利用都非常重视,投入大量人力、物力,乃至通过立法,开发各种废旧塑料回收利用的关键技术。综述了废旧塑料的回收和利用现状,以及国内近些年来废旧塑料处理和回收利用技术的研究进展及其发展趋势。     

Cd、Ni单一及复合污染对土壤酶活性的影响

采用外源添加重金属和露天盆栽实验研究了Cd、Ni对含羞草、三叶草根际土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性的影响。结果表明,Cd、Ni单一污染条件下,低浓度的Cd、Ni对含羞草组、三叶草组的脲酶、过氧化氢酶有激活作用,高浓度的Cd、Ni对土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶有一定的抑制作用;对蔗糖酶有较强的抑制作用。在Cd、Ni复合污染条件下,对含羞草组、三叶草组的脲酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶产生抑制作用;Cd、Ni单一及复合污染对土壤酶活性的抑制大小顺序为:脲酶>蔗糖酶>过氧化氢酶,其中土壤脲酶可以作为Cd、Ni污染的预警指标。含羞草能显著提高土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶的活性,修复能力大于三叶草,在Cd、Ni污染修复方面有很好的应用前景。     

餐厨垃圾两相厌氧发酵产甲烷相恶臭排放规律

为了研究餐厨垃圾两相厌氧发酵产甲烷相恶臭排放规律,在中温(35℃)条件下,以餐厨垃圾为发酵底物进行中试规模的两相连续式厌氧发酵试验,并对一个周期内不同时间段产甲烷相产生的气体进行采样,分析其臭气浓度和物质浓度,结合各组分的阈稀释倍数,筛选出主要的恶臭污染物。结果表明,在发酵系统稳定运行阶段,产甲烷相产生的臭气浓度较大,都在23万以上;产甲烷相产生的恶臭物质主要包括硫化物、萜烯类、含氧类和芳烃类四类化合物,其中质量浓度最高的恶臭物质是硫化氢,超过了150 mg/m3;产甲烷相的主要致臭物质是硫化物,其中贡献最大的是硫化氢,其阈稀释倍数都在26万以上,其次为乙硫醇﹥甲硫醇﹥乙硫醚,这3种物质的阈稀释倍数都在4 000以上;除了这4种硫化物,丁醛对恶臭的贡献也比较大,其阈稀释倍数也在4 000以上。     

Fered-Fenton法处理石化废水反渗透浓水

以Ti金属网为阴极、Ti负载RuO2金属网为阳极,构建Fered-Fenton反应系统,处理石化废水反渗透膜法浓水.考察H2O2浓度、Fe2+浓度、初始pH值和电流密度等因素对废水处理效果的影响,并分析了废水可生化性及污染物降解规律.结果表明,在H2O2浓度为75.0 mmol/L,Fe2+浓度为7.5 mmol/L,初始pH值为3.0,电流密度为5.1 mA/cm2的条件下,反应120 min后废水TOC可由198.2 mg/L降到99.6 mg/L,有机污染物矿化率达到49.7％,BOD5/COD由0.11提高至0.31,废水可生化性明显改善.三维荧光光谱(EEM)分析结果表明,Fered-Fenton法对废水中类蛋白、类富里酸等荧光有机物去除率达到66.7％,该类大分子难降解有机物的氧化降解有利于改善废水可生化性,为进一步的生化处理创造了良好的条件.     

Toxic effects of chlorpyrifos on lysozyme activities,the contents of complement C3 and IgM,and IgM and complement C3 expressions in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Chlorpyrifos is one of the organophosphate pesticides widely used in agricultural practices throughout world. It has resulted in a series of toxicological and environmental problems, such as impacts on many non-target aquatic species, including fish. In the present study, toxic effects of chlorpyrifos on lysozyme activities, contents of IgM and complement C3, and the expressions of IgM and complement C3 at mRNA level in common carp were evaluated by acute exposure of 15 (1/10 LC₅₀) or 75 μg L⁻¹ (1/2 LC₅₀) of chlorpyrifos for 7 d. The results of acute toxicity tests showed that the 96 h-LC₅₀ of chlorpyrifos for common carp was determined to be 149 μg L⁻¹. We also found that chlorpyrifos promoted lysozyme activities at the earlier stages of exposure but inhibited it at the late stages in the serum, hepatopancreas, and spleen of common carp. Furthermore, it was observed that chlorpyrifos-exposure decreased IgM contents in fish serum and spleen while increased it in kidney. No obvious change was found in the contents of complement C3 in fish spleen, while a slight increase of complement C3 was observed in fish serum and kidney after 1 d of chlorpyrifos-exposure. In addition, the results of quantitative real-time PCR showed that IgM and complement C3 expressions were up-regulated at the earlier stage of exposure but down-regulated at later stage. Our results indicate that chlorpyrifos causes immunotoxicity to common carp.     

Expression alterations of cytochromes P4501A1, 2E1, and 3A,and their receptors AhR and PXR caused by 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride in mouse mammary carcinoma cells

Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) play a key role in the metabolism of a wide range of environmental xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. The expression and activity levels of CYPs can be elevated by a process of induction involving the activation of nuclear receptors. The effects of the ionic liquid 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C₈mim][Cl]) on the expression of cytochrome P450 members, including CYP1A1, CYP2E1, and CYP3A, as well as on aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR) in mouse mammary carcinoma cells (EMT6) were investigated by using quantitative real-time PCR in the present study. The results reveal that [C₈mim][Cl]-exposure up-regulates the expressions of CYP1A1, CYP2E1, and CYP3A at mRNA level, suggesting that imidazolium-based ionic liquids can activate CYPs. Our results also suggest that [C₈mim][Cl]-mediated CYP3A induction be PXR-dependent. This result may be beneficial to evaluating the environmental toxicity of imidazolium-based ionic liquids and investigating the metabolism of imidazolium-derivative drugs.     

ArcGIS在大气污染源排放清单建立中的应用研究

以重工业城市唐山为例,在收集已有排放源数据的同时,结合唐山市环境空气质量状况,利用地理信息系统(ArcGIS)对污染企业的位置及污染物排放量、浓度参数建立网格模型,采用反距离权重法及区位商法对污染源及污染物的空间分布进行估算分析,形成准确完善的多尺度、高时空分辨率大气污染源排放清单.为京津冀地区区域大气污染联防联控及2020年大气污染物区域消减计划打下数据基础.     

基于后向轨迹模式的豫南地区冬季PM2.5来源分布及传输分析

为研究2017年12月—2018年2月冬季不同来源区域对豫南地区ρ（PM_2.5）的贡献影响及污染特征,利用HYSPLIT-4后向轨迹模式模拟了豫南地区冬季24 h的气团后向轨迹,结合ρ（PM_2.5）在线监测数据进行了聚类分析,研究了以豫南地区为受点的各月份PM_2.5不同轨迹的输送特征,并使用潜在源贡献（PSCF）分析法和浓度权重轨迹（CWT）分析法识别了豫南地区冬季PM_2.5的潜在贡献源区及贡献大小.结果表明:①信阳市空气质量最好,其次为驻马店市,南阳市空气质量最差;南阳市、信阳市和驻马店市ρ（PM_2.5）分别超过GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准限值（75 μg/m3）的1.5、1.2和1.2倍,ρ（PM_2.5）日变化均呈双峰特征.②后向轨迹聚类分析表明,豫南地区主要受到来自西北和东北方向长距离传输和正南方向较短距离输送的影响.③潜在源区分析表明,除豫南地区及周边市县本地污染贡献外,冀鲁豫交界区域、陕鄂交界区域、陕西省中西部、湖北省东北部和西部、河南省中北部、山东省南部是影响豫南地区ρ（PM_2.5）的主要潜在源区.研究显示,豫南地区PM_2.5污染过程除了与地形条件、本地污染源排放有关外,来自东北、西北传输通道城市的远距离输送和南部的近距离传输也不容忽视.      

中国典型城市O3与前体物变化特征及相关性研究

为了解我国不同气候背景城市O₃污染及其与前体物的关系,选取北京市、沈阳市、银川市、成都市、南京市和广州市作为典型代表城市,基于这6个城市2014-2016年ρ（O₃）、ρ（NO₂）和ρ（CO）资料对O₃与其前体物质量浓度变化特征及二者相关性进行研究.结果表明:①2014-2016年6个城市ρ（O₃）年均值大小顺序依次为南京市>沈阳市>北京市>银川市>成都市>广州市,ρ（NO₂）年均值大小顺序依次为北京市>成都市>南京市>沈阳市>广州市>银川市,ρ（CO）年均值大小顺序依次为北京市>银川市>成都市>沈阳市>南京市>广州市.2014-2016年除广州市ρ（O₃）下降、沈阳市变化不明显外,其他城市ρ（O₃）总体呈上升趋势;各城市ρ（NO₂）和ρ（CO）普遍呈下降趋势.②广州市ρ（O₃）夏季最高、春季最低,其他城市四季ρ（O₃）大小顺序依次为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季;北京市、沈阳市和银川市四季ρ（NO₂）和ρ（CO）大小顺序依次为冬季>秋季>春季>夏季,成都市、广州市和南京市为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季.各城市ρ（O₃）和ρ（O_x）日变化呈单峰型,ρ（NO₂）和ρ（CO）日变化呈双峰型.③6个城市城区ρ（O₃）均低于清洁对照点,城区ρ（NO₂）和ρ（CO）均高于清洁对照点,并且城区与清洁对照点O₃及其前体物质量浓度差值随城市和月份变化存在一定的差异.④各城市ρ（O₃）与ρ（NO₂）和ρ（CO）均呈负相关,与ρ（O_x）呈显著正相关;城区ρ（O₃）与ρ（NO₂）和ρ（CO）的相关性均好于清洁对照点,清洁对照点ρ（O₃）与ρ（O_x）的相关性则好于城区.⑤各城市ρ（O₃）超标率随ρ（NO₂）和ρ（CO）的增加均呈先迅速上升再快速减小,之后缓慢变化的特征,但ρ（O₃）超标率峰值对应的ρ（NO₂）和ρ（CO）有所差异.研究显示,日照条件较好的银川市、北京市和沈阳市O₃与其前体物相关性较成都市、南京市和广州市强.