浅谈滑雪场建设项目环境影响评价

黑龙江省现有大小滑雪场近百个,由于冬季滑雪旅游不断升温,滑雪场新建、改扩建项目逐年增加.滑雪场类建设项目对环境的影响范围大、因素多、周期长,分析近几年相关项目的环评报告书中存在的问题,文章以哈尔滨某滑雪场改扩建项目环评报告为例,对滑雪场类建项目环境影响评价内容进行了全面分析,指出此类项目的评价重点和应补充完善的内容,重点是项目不同时期的环境影响,即滑雪期、积雪消融期、非滑雪期.     

丹东地区农业土壤污染及防治研究

本文以丹东地区农业土壤污染与防治为研究对象,论述了在进行经济活动、污染源、污染方式调查的基础上的采样布点原则,并采用灰色聚类法及综合污染指数法进行土壤污染现状评价,根据本地区土壤污染的具体问题提出了镁、硼、锌等的污染防治对策。本文还将邻近学科的甄别比概念引入该研究中。     

1954—2013年湖北省黄石市气溶胶光学厚度与降水关系研究

通过对地面观测资料进行均一性处理和反演,建立了湖北省黄石市近60年气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)的时间序列,采用气候趋势分析、相关分析等方法,研究了AOD与降水之间的关系.结果表明:近60年黄石市气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)总体上呈显著增加趋势,最大值出现在1991年.随着AOD值的显著增加,年平均降水发生日数显著减少,其中,小雨日数下降更明显,而中雨、大雨日数有增加趋势,暴雨日数的变化趋势不明显.小雨雨量随着AOD值的显著增加而减少,而中雨及以上等级降水量的变化趋势不明显.总之,近60年黄石市气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)的增加,对降水日数和降水量都有一定的影响,其相关性有待进一步研究.     

氮负荷升高对螺-附着藻-苦草生态关系的影响

本文设计了双因子(氮负荷升高、有无螺类)受控实验,研究了氮负荷升高(太湖正常氮负荷的3倍)对螺-附着藻-苦草关系的影响.结果表明,氮负荷升高处理明显提高了水体总氮、总溶解氮、叶绿素a等指标的含量,显著增加了附着生物干重,进而抑制了苦草生长;与正常氮负荷处理组相比,3倍氮负荷处理组中苦草的相对生长率、株高和叶片数分别降低了33%、25%和13%.环棱螺降低了附着生物干重和水体叶绿素a含量,明显促进了苦草生长.氮负荷升高和环棱螺存在对水体各项理化指标、附着生物干重和苦草的各项生长指标均无交互作用.此外,氮负荷升高还降低了环棱螺的生长速率.分析认为,氮负荷升高对沉水植物生长的抑制机理主要体现在浮游藻类与附着生物生物量增加的抑制效应;环棱螺的存在虽然在一定程度上减弱了这种效应,但由于氮负荷升高还同时使环棱螺生长率降低,削弱了其对附着生物的牧食压力,从而使得附着生物对苦草生长的抑制作用加强.因此,氮负荷升高使螺-附着藻-沉水植物之间的生态关系失衡,也可能是氮浓度较高的富营养湖泊中沉水植被稀少的重要原因.     

Development and Application of Urban High Temporal-Spatial Resolution Vehicle Emission Inventory Model and Decision Support System

This paper reports on the development and application of an urban high temporal-spatial resolution vehicle emission inventory model and decision support system based on the current situation in China and actual vehicle emission control requirements. The system incorporates a user-friendly modular architecture that integrates a vehicle emission model and a decision support platform and includes scenario analysis and visualisation capabilities. A bottom-up approach based on localised emission factors and actual on-road driving condition has been adopted to develop the system. As a case study of application and evaluation, an emission reduction effect analysis of the supposed low-emission zone (LEZ) policy in Beijing (2012) was conducted. According to the simulated results in the forms of tables, histograms and grid maps, the establishment of this LEZ had a definite effect on the emission reduction of various types of air pollutants, especially carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon. In the system, the simulation methodology for identifying environmental benefits brought by the LEZ policy could be used to assess other similar environmental policies. Through flexible modification of configuration values or input data variables, the efficacy of separate or joint policies could be quantifiably evaluated and graphically displayed.     

Effects of land use types on surface water quality across an anthropogenic disturbance gradient in the upper reach of the Hun River, Northeast China

Surface water quality is vulnerable to pollution due to human activities. The upper reach of the Hun River is an important water source that supplies 52 % of the storage capacity of the Dahuofang Reservoir, the largest reservoir for drinking water in Northeast China, which is suffering from various human-induced changes in land use, including deforestation, reclamation/farming, urbanization and mine exploitation. To investigate the impacts of land use types on surface water quality across an anthropogenic disturbance gradient at a local scale, 11 physicochemical parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen [DO], turbidity, oxygen redox potential, conductivity, biochemical oxygen demand [BOD₅], chemical oxygen demand [COD], total nitrogen [TN], total phosphorus [TP], NO ₃ ^? -N, and NH ₄ ⁺ -N) of water from 12 sampling sites along the upper reach of the Hun River were monitored monthly during 2009–2010. The sampling sites were classified into four groups (natural, near-natural, more disturbed, and seriously disturbed). The water quality exhibited distinct spatial and temporal characteristics; conductivity, TN, and NO ₃ ^? -N were identified as key parameters indicating the water quality variance. The forest and farmland cover types played significant roles in determining the surface water quality during the low-flow, high-flow, and mean-flow periods based on the results of a stepwise linear regression. These results may provide incentive for the local government to consider sustainable land use practices for water conservation.     

玛纳斯县某棉浆粕化纤厂工业循环经济发展模式研究

以新疆玛纳斯进行试点实施循环经济示范县为背繁,以玛纳斯县某棉浆粕化纤厂为例,运用层次分析法、距离函数法建立棉浆粕化纤厂工业循环经济发展模式评价体系。通过实施循环经济生产模式的改造,分别对改造前和改造后的生产模式进行对比评价研究。在发展循环经济后,棉浆粕化纤厂在节能减排、资源再利用方面有了明显的改善,说明实施循环经济对棉浆粕化纤厂发展有一定的推动作用。     

掺硼金刚石电极降解模拟焦化废水中的喹啉

采用掺硼金刚石（BDD）电极电化学氧化法降解模拟焦化废水中的喹啉,并通过GC-MS技术分析了喹啉的降解机理及途径。实验结果表明：在常温、初始喹啉质量浓度为50.0 mg/L、电解质Na₂SO₄浓度为0.05 mol/L、模拟废水pH为7、电解时间为2.5 h、电流密度为30 mA/cm²、极板总面积与模拟废水体积的比为160 cm²/cm³的条件下,喹啉降解率接近100%;TOC由初始时的29.43 mg/L降至5.76 mg/L,TOC去除率达80%;COD由初始时的95.25 mg/L降至20.65 mg/L,COD去除率达78%;在降解过程中,首先在喹啉苯环的5位和8位发生羟基化反应,然后苯环发生断裂,形成带有吡啶环的中间产物及羧酸类产物,最后氮杂环开环,生成二氧化碳和水。     

赋磁硅气凝胶的制备、表征和吸附异狄氏剂特性

以工业水玻璃为硅源,采用六甲基二硅胺烷(HMDZ)作为改性剂,掺杂纳米级Fe3O4,通过溶胶-凝胶、常压干燥技术,制备得到赋磁硅气凝胶吸附材料(MSA)。采用红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、比表面分析(BET)及振动样品磁强计(VSM)等方法对其结构进行了表征,并对其吸附性能进行研究。结果表明,制得的赋磁硅气凝胶接触角在113°～116°之间,比表面积可达589.79 m2/g,密度约为0.192 g/cm3,饱和磁化强度约为0.44 emu/g,具有超顺磁性。赋磁硅气凝胶对疏水性有机物异狄氏剂表现出良好的吸附性能,符合Freundlich等温吸附模型,KF为42.91;吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型,吸附速率常数为0.0341 g/(mg.min)。     

激光类全新耗材和再生耗材对环境影响的生命周期评价

以激光类打印耗材——TN350为例,应用生命周期评价方法,对全新TN350和再生TN350进行生命周期资源消耗与污染物排放清单分析,在此基础上进行生命周期环境影响评价。重点考虑6种环境影响类型：全球变暖、酸化、富营养化、光化学臭氧、固体废弃物、工业烟尘和粉尘。结果表明,相对于全新TN350,再生TN350的原油消耗量削...