新生态MnO2吸附法处理水溶性阴离子染料废水的研究

研究了各种水溶性阴离子染料在新生态MnO2表面的脱色作用。结果表明,9种不同模拟染料废水(包括直接染料、酸性媒介染料、活性染料)的脱色效果均十分显著．且脱色过程受pH的影响较大。另外。通过CHN元素分析、差热分析、紫外光谱及滴定分析等测试手段．初步认为在酸性介质下．新生MnO2质子化的表面可以吸附阴离子型染料,从而将其去除。     

氯化汞对小鼠睾丸生殖细胞的DNA损伤作用

探索氯化汞对雄性小鼠生殖细胞毒性的分子遗传机制。分别以 0 .0 1、0 .10、1.0 0 mmol/L的氯化汞体外处理小鼠睾丸细胞和以 0 .5、1.0、5 .0 μmol/kg的氯化汞体内暴露小鼠 ,应用单细胞凝胶电泳技术检测生殖细胞 DNA的损伤。体外处理 3种剂量组小鼠睾丸生殖细胞 DNA损伤率显著高于阴性对照组 ( 0 mmol/L组 ,P<0 .0 0 1) ;0 .1、1.0 mmol/L剂量组慧星细胞迁移率显著高于阴性对照组 ( P<0 .0 0 1,P<0 .0 5 )。体内暴露 3种浓度氯化汞组小鼠睾丸生殖细胞 DNA损伤率显著高于阴性对照组 ( 0μmol/kg,P<0 .0 0 1) ,5 .0 μmol/kg组慧星迁移率显著高于阴性对照组 ( P<0 .0 5 )。一定剂量的氯化汞处理引起生殖细胞 DNA损伤作用可能是氯化汞细胞毒性的机制之一。     

Comparison on surface properties and desulfurization of MnO2 and pyrolusite blended activated carbon by steam activation

In this study, MnO₂ and pyrolusite were used as the catalysts to prepare modified activated carbon, that is, AC-Mn and AC-P, respectively, from coals by blending method and steam activation. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) results indicated that the AC-P had higher surface areas and micropore volumes than the AC-Mn with the same blending ratio. The relative contents of basic functional groups (i.e., C = O, π-π*) on AC-P were slightly lower than those on AC-Mn, while both contained the same main metal species, namely, MnO. The desulfurization results showed that with 3 wt% of blending ratio, AC-Mn3 and AC-P3 had higher sulfur capacities at 220 and 205 mg/g, respectively, which were much higher than for the blank one (149.6 mg/g). Moreover, the AC-P had relatively higher sulfur capacity than the AC-Mn with the same contents of Mn, which might be attributed to the existence of other metals in pyrolusite. After the desulfurization process, MnO were gradually transferred into MnSO₄, and the relative contents of basic functional groups decreased evidently for both AC-Mn3 and AC-P3. The results demonstrated that pyrolusite could be one good alternative to MnO₂ to prepare modified activated carbon for desulfurization.

Implications: MnO₂ and pyrolusite were used as the additives to prepare modified activated carbon from coals by a blending method and by steam activation, that is, AC-Mn and AC-P, respectively. The AC-P had higher surface areas and micropore volumes than the AC-Mn with the same blending ratio. The AC-Mn and AC-P had higher sulfur capacities than a blank one. Moreover, the AC-P had relatively higher sulfur capacity than the AC-Mn with the same contents of Mn. The results demonstrated that pyrolusite could be one good alternative to MnO₂ to prepare modified activated carbon for desulfurizatio.     

污水厂生物处理单元工艺状态下曝气性能测定与评价

以上海竹园第二污水处理厂2号生物好氧处理单元为研究对象,采用工艺状态曝气充氧性能测定仪对曝气器性能进行现场测定,通过核算氧利用率、曝气均匀性指数、曝气效率综合影响因子等指标,评价该厂曝气器日常运行状态,分析曝气系统在控制上的不足,并针对性地提出优化方案。结果表明,工艺状态下曝气器氧利用率与清水条件下相比下降19.22%~23.78%,曝气均匀性指数在0.80~1.34的范围内,曝气效率综合影响因子偏低,充分表明2号生物好氧处理单元部分曝气器存在污染或老化的问题。该厂的曝气系统具有较大的优化潜力,性能评价结果可以为曝气器科学管理维护及水厂的运行优化提供指导。     

中试规模下蜂窝式Mn-Ce/Al2O3脱硝催化剂的低温性能

采用自行设计的反应装置,研究中试规模条件下关键参数对蜂窝堇青石Mn-Ce/Al2O3催化剂脱硝效率的影响以及抗硫抗水性能,并通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能谱仪（EDS）、X射线衍射（XRD）和比表面积测试仪（BET）研究催化剂的理化性质。结果表明,反应温度、空速、氨氮比对催化活性均有明显影响,同时,催化剂对氮氧化物浓度有较强适应性,NO浓度在134~469 mg·m-3区间内脱硝效率均可保持在75%以上。催化剂在100 oC,空速3 336 h-1,[NH3]/[NO]为0.9,烟气量20 m3·h-1条件下连续反应168 h,其催化效率可以稳定保持在75%~80%,说明蜂窝式Mn-Ce/Al2O3具有良好的稳定性。催化剂在含5%H2O气氛中催化效率由80%减少至60%,在去除H2O后抑制作用消失。反应气中通入143 mg·m-3 SO2后催化效率由80%降低至62%,停止通入SO2后活性不能恢复。同时通入143 mg·m-3 SO2和5%H2O,催化效率下降并维持在53%左右,停止通入后活性恢复至67%。通过对SO2中毒前后的催化剂表征分析可得,SO2存在条件下生成的硫酸铵盐堵塞了20 nm孔径以下的部分孔道,覆盖了催化剂表面活性位点,是引起效率下降的主要原因。     

产酸内生菌荧光假单胞菌R1对东南景天生长和吸收、积累土壤中重金属锌镉的影响

研究了从东南景天（Sedum alfredii）的根系分离和纯化的内生菌荧光假单胞菌（Pseudomonas fluorescens）R1（菌株R1）在溶解氧化锌（ZnO）和氧化镉（CdO）过程中的生长代谢特征,分析了代谢产物中有机酸的组成及含量;通过盆栽实验,进一步探讨了土壤接种菌株R1对东南景天的生长、吸收和积累锌、镉的影响。结果发现,菌株R1在生长代谢过程中分泌苹果酸、琥珀酸、乙酸、柠檬酸、草酸等有机酸是导致ZnO和CdO溶解的主要原因,且反应体系中增加ZnO和CdO能够提高有机酸的分泌量,加速ZnO和CdO的溶解。菌株R1接种到未灭菌或灭菌的锌、镉污染土壤中均能在一定程度上促进东南景天的生长和吸收Zn、Cd。在未灭菌ZnO土壤上,接种菌株R1使东南景天根系和地上部的干物质质量、地上部Zn积累量分别增加了15.56%、9.74%和29.84%;在灭菌ZnO土壤上,接种菌株R1使东南景天地上部的干物质质量和Zn积累量分别增加9.56%和8.97%。在未灭菌CdO土壤上,接种菌株R1使东南景天根系和地上部的干物质质量、地上部Cd积累量分别增加30.30%、6.15%和27.21%;在灭菌CdO土壤上,接种菌株R1使东南景天根系和地上部的干物质质量、地上部Cd积累量分别增加5.08%、8.82%和26.14%。     

反应条件对等离子体脱除吸附于Cu-Ce/AC表面NOx的影响

以放电等离子体协同催化法对吸附在Cu-Ce/AC上的NOx进行脱除,研究了不同的放电条件和添加水蒸气对脱除NOx的影响。结果表明,对于同轴圆筒形反应器,催化剂量一定时,放电长度增加,吸附态NOx去除率先升高后下降;放电电压增大,吸附态NOx去除率升高,原因在于放电反应区内能量密度和活性粒子分布状态改变。根据NOx程序升温脱附（TPD）,TPD低温位（x更容易被放电等离子体脱除,放电长度和放电电压能够影响不同吸附位上NOx的去除效率。适宜条件下,吸附态NOx去除率最高达到93.3%。循环吸附-等离子体脱除NOx进行10次后,NOx脱除率在92%以上。在混合气中添加5%水蒸气提高了等离子体对吸附态NOx的去除率,但导致循环吸附-等离子体脱除NOx效率下降。原因是H2O与NOx竞争吸附带来的负面效应大于等离子体中H2O提供自由基与吸附态NOx反应所带来的正面效应。     

落地油泥土壤性质对超声除油效果的影响

落地油泥是油田产生的一类危险固体废弃物,其无害化处理是目前各大油田所面临的重大挑战之一。为了深入认识超声处理过程中油泥土壤性质与超声处理除油效果之间的关系,以不同油田典型落地油泥为研究对象,超声处理后对其土壤残留含油量、土壤颗粒级配、土壤化学组成等进行分析。结果表明：油泥中土壤颗粒粒径较大的大庆、大港落地油泥经超声处理后的除油效果均在60%以上,而土壤颗粒粒径较小的冀东落地油泥超声除油率仅为11%;同时,超声除油效果较好的大庆、大港落地油泥中的钙氧化物含量较低(分别为4.84%和5.94%),而超声除油效果差的冀东落地油泥中的钙氧化物含量较高(11.57%)。进一步的模拟实验结果表明,钙氧化物含量高的土壤对原油的吸附量大、吸附强度高、超声除油效果差,而钙氧化物含量低的土壤吸附量小、吸附强度低、超声除油效果好。以上结果可为油田落地油泥超声处理技术的开发及规模化应用提供指导。     

Cadmium (Cd) distribution and contamination in Chinese paddy soils on national scale

Rice is a staple food by an increasing number of people in China. As more issues have arisen in China due to rice contaminated by cadmium (Cd), Cd contamination in arable soils has become a severe problem. In China, many studies have examined Cd contamination in arable soils on a national scale, but little studies have focused on the distribution of Cd in paddy fields. This study explored the spatial pattern of Cd in paddy soils in China, made a preliminary evaluation of the potential risk, and identified the most critically contaminated regions based on the domestic rough rice trade flow. The results showed that Cd concentrations in paddy soils in China ranged from 0.01 to 5.50 mg/kg, with a median value of 0.23 mg/kg. On average, the highest Cd concentrations were in Hunan (0.73 mg/kg), Guangxi (0.70 mg/kg), and Sichuan (0.46 mg/kg) provinces. Cd concentrations in paddy soils in central and western regions were higher than those in eastern regions, especially the southeastern coastal regions. Of the administrative regions, Cd standard exceedance rate was 33.2 %, and the heavy pollution rate was 8.6 %. Regarding to Cd of paddy soil, soil environmental quality was better in Northeast China Plain than in Yangtze River Basin and southeastern coastal region. Mining activities were the main anthropogenic pollution source of Cd in Chinese paddy soil. Based on rice trade, more of the Chinese population would be exposed to Cd through intake of rice produced in Hunan province. Certain regions that output rice, especially Hunan province, should be given priority in the management and control of Cd contamination in paddy soil.     

臭氧活性炭-后置砂滤工艺对水中农药的控制效能

选择我国饮用水水质标准中有相关规定,以及部分用量较大或虽被禁用但仍有残留的农药共25种,对黄浦江水源水以及采用臭氧活性炭-后置砂滤工艺的某水厂工艺段出水中的浓度分布进行了调查,评估了砂滤后置工艺条件下相应农药的实际处理效果。结果表明:原水中有包括莠去津、乐果、六氯苯、敌敌畏、乙草胺、丁草胺、仲丁威和p,p'-DDT的8种农药检出,且总浓度较高达到760 ng/L,其中莠去津和乙草胺含量较高,最高浓度分别达到531 ng/L和277 ng/L;从季节性分布来看,春季总农药浓度最高达760 ng/L,秋季最低为175 ng/L。从工艺去除效果来看,臭氧活性炭砂滤后置工艺对农药的总体去除率为62%~78%,与冬春季相比,夏秋季节的农药的去除率提高约10%左右,这可能与高温期微生物活性较高有关。值得关注的是,砂滤后置工艺与同期常规臭氧活性炭工艺相比农药的总去除率要低10%左右,应结合总体出水水质情况对其进一步评估。