黄铁矿对水体中腐殖酸的吸附特性

选择富里酸(fulvic acid,FA)和胡敏酸(humilic acid,HA)作为吸附对象,通过铁矿物吸附筛选实验,以黄铁矿(pyrite)为吸附剂研究其对水体中两种典型腐殖酸(humic acid)的吸附特性.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)、红外光谱(IR)、纳米粒度及电位(Zeta)分析仪和比表面仪(BET)对黄铁矿进行组成及结构表征.考察了腐殖酸溶液p H、离子强度和温度等条件对黄铁矿吸附的影响.结果表明,黄铁矿是层状结构,吸附腐殖酸后,在黄铁矿表面形成了大小均匀的分子簇,且黄铁矿晶粒尺寸减小了约10 nm;黄铁矿对FA、HA的最大吸附量分别为11.8 mg·g-1和13.1 mg·g-1.随着p H增加,黄铁矿对腐殖酸的吸附量均表现为先增大后减小;离子强度(NaCl)对吸附的影响较小;随着温度升高,其吸附量不断增大.两种腐殖酸吸附数据与Langmuir吸附模型拟合良好且其吸附动力学规律均符合二级动力学模型,热力学研究表明,黄铁矿吸附两种腐殖酸均属于自发进行的吸热反应.     

华北平原夏玉米季化肥氮去向及土壤氮库盈亏定量化探索

为提高华北平原夏玉米种植体系的氮肥利用率、减少氮肥对环境的污染,对前人的15N示踪试验数据进行整理核算,分析肥料氮、作物氮、土壤氮三者之间的关系,探明夏玉米季化肥氮的去向及土壤氮库的盈亏情况。结果表明：华北平原地区玉米产量最高时施氮量平均为190 kg·hm-2;秸杆吸氮量高于籽粒,且吸氮量随施氮量增加而升高,土壤残留量和损失量有随施氮量增加而增加的趋势;土壤氮库盈亏量与施氮量之间呈现线性极显著正相关,在秸秆50%和100%还田的两种条件下,施氮量为198 kg·hm-2和137 kg·hm-2时,土壤氮库达到平衡;推荐施氮条件下夏玉米对氮肥的吸收利用率远高于传统施氮,过量施氮会引起作物产量和氮肥利用率降低的负效应,增加土壤氮素残留和损失;施氮量在40~360 kg·hm-2范围内时,3种秸秆处理方式下,氮肥各去向绝对量与施氮量之间均呈显著线性相关关系;而氮肥各去向比率与施氮量之间只有地上部吸收率和籽粒吸收率与施氮量之间呈显著线性相关关系。由此,明确了华北平原夏玉米合理施氮量：秸秆50%还田时,为198 kg·hm-2;秸秆100%还田时,为137 kg·hm-2,揭示了华北平原夏玉米施氮量与土壤氮库盈亏量呈线性极显著正相关。这为确定华北平原夏玉米合理施氮量,提高氮肥利用率,避免肥料浪费及其对环境的危害提供了理论依据。     

Characteristics of chemical components in PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> at a plateau city,South-west China

A sampling campaign including summer, autumn and winter of 2014 and spring of 2015 was accomplished to obtain the characteristic of chemical components in PM_2.5 at three sites of Kunming, a plateau city in South-west China. Nine kinds of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSI), organic and element carbon (OC and EC) in PM_2.5 were analyzed by ion chromatography and thermal optical reflectance method, respectively. Results showed that the average concentrations of total WSI, OC and EC were 22.85±10.95 µg·m^-3, 17.83±9.57 µg·m^-3 and 5.11±4.29 µg·m^-3, respectively. They totally accounted for 53.0% of PM_2.5. Secondary organic and inorganic aerosols (SOA and SIA) were also assessed by the minimum ratio of OC/EC, nitrogen and sulfur oxidation ratios. The annual average concentrations of SOA and SIA totally accounted for 28.3% of the PM_2.5 concentration. The low proportion suggested the primary emission was the main source of PM_2.5 in Kunming. However, secondary pollution in the plateau city should also not be ignorable, due to the appropriate temperature and strong solar radiation, which can promote the atmospheric photochemical reactions.

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粤桂琼区域水源地有机磷农药的生态风险评价

利用气相色谱-质谱检测粤桂琼(广东、广西、海南三省区)区域水源地9个采样点水样中的有机磷农药浓度,构建了淡水生物对有机磷农药的物种敏感性分布,并计算出各类水生生物的HC₅(hazardous concentration for 5% the species)值;采用基于浓度加和模型的混合物风险商值法和商值概率分布法,评价了粤桂琼区域水源地中敌敌畏、内吸磷、阿特拉津、甲基对硫磷、乐果、马拉硫磷和对硫磷7种有机磷农药的的生态风险,同时利用聚类分析法对9个采样点进行了生态风险评价. 结果表明:粤桂琼区域水源地7种有机磷农药的总质量浓度在nd~1 260.95 ng/L之间,平均值为184.68 ng/L,主要以马拉硫磷、甲基对硫磷、对硫磷和乐果为主. 东莞东江南支流、玉林苏烟水库和柳州柳江水源地的生态风险级别相对较高. 敌敌畏、对硫磷、甲基对硫磷的HC₅值均低于0.1 μg/L,这3种物质对生态系统毒性效应较大. 根据风险商结果排序可知,粤桂琼区域水源地预防的重点为甲基对硫磷、对硫磷和马拉硫磷对水生生物的危害,其中甲基对硫磷是对混合风险商贡献最高的污染物,其危害指数达21.313;在95%的置信区间内,甲基对硫磷、对硫磷和马拉硫磷的生态风险较大,风险商超过1的概率为5%,应作为最优先控制的污染物.      

四环素对微囊藻生长及光合作用的毒性效应机制

光合作用是蓝藻生长繁殖的生理基础,研究四环素胁迫下蓝藻的生长和光合作用的变化和响应,有助于揭示其作用机制。为探究四环素对微囊藻的毒性效应,对培养在0、0.1、0.2、0.5、1.0、2.0和5.0 mg·L~(-1)共7个浓度下的微囊藻的细胞数、叶绿素a含量、微囊藻光合系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)快速光响应曲线(RLCs)及快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线(OJIP)进行了测定。结果表明,四环素处理7 d后,微囊藻的半致死浓度(LC_(50))为(0.571±0.036) mg·L~(-1)。随着四环素浓度的增加,微囊藻生长受到抑制,叶绿素含量减少,PSⅡ中单位反应中心失活。当四环素浓度高于0.5 mg·L~(-1)时,微囊藻Q_A~-到Q_B的电子传递被抑制,造成Q_A~-大量积累,影响PSⅡ的电子受体侧。然而,在低浓度四环素处理中,以吸收光能为基础的性能指数(PI_(ABS))、用于电子传递的量子产额(φ_(Eo))和最大光化学效率(φ_(Po))显著升高,用于热耗散的量子比率(φ_(Do))显著降低。这些结果表明,低浓度四环素处理时,微囊藻能通过自身调节改变PSⅡ中能量配置,改变电子传递速率,提高光合效率,从而应对低浓度四环素胁迫,而当四环素浓度较高时,微囊藻的光合作用显著降低,生长受到抑制。     

自然灾害情景下社区韧性研究评述

韧性社区代表了未来城乡建设发展的新方向,也是“风险社会”下“与灾共生”理念的具体实践。社区韧性的研究受到灾害学、社会学、地理学、城市规划学、管理学及工程学等多学科的关注。该文在查阅国内外研究文献的基础上,从灾害学视角对自然灾害情景下的社区韧性进行评述,梳理社区韧性的概念,介绍社区韧性相关概念模型,提出以衡量社区功能水平为核心的社区韧性动态模型。研究可为不同学科的社区韧性研究者们提供参考,也可为社区规划建设者提供实践建议。     

准确快速科学评估地震灾害及其损失的方法

以江苏省常熟－太仓５．１级地震现场震害评估和经济损失分析工作为基础，结合江苏省地震重点监视防御区震灾快速预测，讨论准确快速科学评估地震灾害及其损失的途径和方法。     

Optimization of an in vitro method to measure the bioaccessibility of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in dust using response surface methodology

To more reasonably evaluate human intake of PBDEs via dust ingestion, bioaccessibility should be taken into account. Previously, we developed an in vitro method to determine the bioaccessibility of PBDEs in food. Here, this method was adapted to determine the bioaccessibility of PBDEs in dust and the digestion conditions that influenced the bioaccessibility of PBDEs were optimized. The digestion conditions included the incubation time of dust in the intestinal digestion solution (T), the bile concentration in the intestinal digestion solution (C_bile), and the ratio of the volume of the intestinal digestion solution to dust (R). The influence of the concentrations of individual PBDE congeners (C_PBDE) on the bioaccessibility of PBDEs was also investigated. Central composite design was used to build an experimental model and set experimental parameters, and response surface methodology was used to analyze the obtained data. The results showed that the bioaccessibility of PBDEs increased with the increases of C_bile and R, and was independent of T and C_PBDE. Under the digestion conditions with C_bile and R being at 4.0-7.0 g/L and 150-250, respectively, the bioaccessibility of PBDEs in the method-dust varied from 39.2% to 72.8%, which were comparable with the bioaccessibility or bioavailability of PBDEs in dust/soil in the literature. Thus, the in vitro method to measure the bioaccessibility of PBDEs in dust was established and validated. Finally, the bioaccessibility of PBDEs in four natural dust samples, which ranged from 36.1% to 43.3%, were determined using the adapted method.     

外置双U型静钻根植工法能源桩换热性能研究∗

为探究外置双U型静钻根植工法能源桩换热性能,通过现场热响应试验,利用热源理论初步分析其岩土综合导热系数,建立三维传热数值模型并进行验证。利用三维传热数值模型分析换热管间距及其导热系数、换热液流速和桩周水泥土导热系数等因素对该新型桩换热性能的影响。分析结果表明,试桩区域岩土综合导热系数为1.64W(m·K)-1。提高换热管间距、换热管导热系数、换热液流速和桩周水泥土导热系数均能提高能源桩的换热性能,但当换热管间距大于0.25 m,换热液流速达到紊流态,换热管和桩周水泥土导热系数高于岩土综合导热系数后,提高上述参数对能源桩换热性能的提高贡献不大。     

Water quality prediction of copper-molybdenum mining-beneficiation wastewater based on the PSO-SVR model

● Data acquisition and pre-processing for wastewater treatment were summarized. ● A PSO-SVR model for predicting COD_eff in wastewater was proposed. ● The COD_eff prediction performances of the three models in the paper were compared. ● The COD_eff prediction effects of different models in other studies were discussed. The mining-beneficiation wastewater treatment is highly complex and nonlinear. Various factors like influent quality, flow rate, pH and chemical dose, tend to restrict the effluent effectiveness of mining-beneficiation wastewater treatment. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a crucial indicator to measure the quality of mining-beneficiation wastewater. Predicting COD concentration accurately of mining-beneficiation wastewater after treatment is essential for achieving stable and compliant discharge. This reduces environmental risk and significantly improves the discharge quality of wastewater. This paper presents a novel AI algorithm PSO-SVR, to predict water quality. Hyperparameter optimization of our proposed model PSO-SVR, uses particle swarm optimization to improve support vector regression for COD prediction. The generalization capacity tested on out-of-distribution (OOD) data for our PSO-SVR model is strong, with the following performance metrics of root means square error (RMSE) is 1.51, mean absolute error (MAE) is 1.26, and the coefficient of determination (R²) is 0.85. We compare the performance of PSO-SVR model with back propagation neural network (BPNN) and radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) and shows it edges over in terms of the performance metrics of RMSE, MAE and R², and is the best model for COD prediction of mining-beneficiation wastewater. This is because of the less overfitting tendency of PSO-SVR compared with neural network architectures. Our proposed PSO-SVR model is optimum for the prediction of COD in copper-molybdenum mining-beneficiation wastewater treatment. In addition, PSO-SVR can be used to predict COD on a wide variety of wastewater through the process of transfer learning.