基于复杂性认识的安全木桶模型探讨

认为安全系统是一个复杂的社会技术系统,描述了安全系统的复杂性特征:安全系统特别复杂,由相互依赖多个子系统组成,具有非线性、高度动态性、开放性和相互作用性,安全系统涉及多重反馈过程,包含软硬数据信息,并对安全政策和措施具有抵制性。借鉴传统木桶理论,利用耗散结构理论中安全熵的有关概念,探索性地建立安全木桶模型,分析了安全木桶的组成部件和功能效用。进而结合本质安全型煤矿建设,从员工素质、技术装备、作业环境和安全管理4个方面讨论了该模型的适用性,并针对本质安全型煤矿建设给出了相应建议。     

安钢2 200 m3高炉INBA渣处理系统改造

2 200 m3高炉INBA渣处理系统由于工艺流程设计存在一些不合理,系统在运行过程中带泡沫渣的粒化水经溢流口大量外排,造成大量水资源浪费的同时也对附近的河道造成了污染.通过一系列的改造,解决了上述问题.     

柴油在土壤中迁移的试验模拟研究

通过土柱模拟试验研究了0#柴油在不同类型的土壤(壤土、砂土)中分别以连续和间歇方式入渗的渗流特征.结果表明:柴油在壤土中的入渗速率小于砂土;相同类型的土壤中,连续入渗的速率大于间歇入渗;柴油饱和溶液入渗条件下,绝大部分的柴油集中在深度小于25 cm的土层里,只有在连续入渗砂土情况下,大量的柴油迁移到了35 cm深度的土层;柴油以无水液流态(NAPL)间歇入渗条件下,壤土和砂土中各土层的柴油质量比与土层深度服从相应的负指数关系.通过对比静态吸附的结果,发现迁移过程中存在吸附、截留和生物降解作用等.     

Water‐Yield Reduction After Afforestation and Related Processes in the Semiarid Liupan Mountains,Northwest China1

Abstract: The increase of coverage of forest/vegetation is imperative to improve the environment in dry‐land areas of China, especially for protecting soil against serious erosion and sandstorms. However, inherent severe water shortages, drought stresses, and increasing water use competition greatly restrict the reforestation. Notably, the water‐yield reduction after afforestation generates intense debate about the correct approach to afforestation and forest management in dry‐land areas. However, most studies on water‐yield reduction of forests have been at catchment scales, and there are few studies of the response of total evapotranspiration (ET) and its partitioning to vegetation structure change. This motivates us to learn the linkage between hydrological processes and vegetation structure in slope ecosystems. Therefore, an ecohydrological study was carried out by measuring the individual items of water balance on sloping plots covered by different vegetation types in the semiarid Liupan Mountains of northwest China. The ratio of precipitation consumed as ET was about 60% for grassland, 93% for shrubs, and >95% for forestland. Thus, the water yield was very low, site‐specific, and sensitive to vegetation change. Conversion of grassland to forest decreased the annual water yield from slope by 50‐100 mm. In certain periods, the plantations at lower slopes even consumed the runon from upper slopes. Reducing the density of forests and shrubs by thinning was not an efficient approach to minimize water use. Leaf area index was a better indicator than plant density to relate ET to vegetation structure and to evaluate the soil water carrying capacity for vegetation (i.e., the maximum amount of vegetation that can be supported by the available soil water for an extended time). Selecting proper vegetation types and plant species, based on site soil water condition, may be more effective than the forest density regulation to minimize water‐yield reduction by vegetation coverage increase and notably by reforestation. Finally, the focuses in future research to improve the forest‐water relations in dry‐land areas are recommended as follows: vegetation growth dynamics driven by environment especially water conditions, coupling of ecological and hydrological processes, further development of distributed ecohydrological models, quantitative relation of eco‐water quota of ecosystems with vegetation structures, multi‐scaled evaluation of soil water carrying capacity for vegetation, and the development of widely applicable decision support tools.     

Titanium dioxide mediated photocatalytic degradation of 17beta-estradiol in aqueous solution

Photocatalytic degradation of 17beta-estradiol (E2) in aqueous medium mediated with titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) was studied. Moreover, effect of TiO(2) dosage on the degradation efficiency was investigated. Particular attention was paid to the identification of intermediates and analysis of photocatalytic degradation mechanism of E2 under neutral and alkaline conditions. The degradation efficiency of E2 increased with increasing concentration of TiO(2) but decreased due to light scattering as TiO(2) concentration was greater than 0.5mgml(-1). Several intermediates were formed during photocatalytic degradation of E2. However, only a few of the compounds could be identified and confirmed by LC-MS and LC-MS/MS. Six intermediates were observed by photocatalytic oxidation under alkaline conditions, namely 2-hydroxyestradiol, 10epsilon-17beta-dihydroxy-1,4-estradien-3-one (DEO), 10epsilon-hydroperoxide-17beta-hydroxy-1,4-estradien-3-one and three kinds of dicarboxylic acids formed by the opening of aromatic ring. In addition to the six intermediates mentioned above, 17beta-hydroxy-1,4-estradien-3-one (EO) was observed under neutral conditions and in the presence of methanol. Based on these intermediates, which were hardly degraded even after E2 was fully degraded, the mechanism of E2 degradation by TiO(2) photocatalysis was elucidated.     

Adsorption of Acid Red 73 on copper dithiocarbamate precipitate-type solid wastes

Three solid wastes, copper N,N'-bis(dithiocarboxy)piperazine ([CuBDP](n)), copper diethyldithiocarbamate (Cu(DDTC)(2)) and copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (Cu(DMTC)(2)), were prepared and tested as adsorbents to remove Acid Red 73 from wastewater. It was found that the three precipitates all could effectively adsorb the dye but their adsorption abilities were rather different. The maximum adsorption amounts of the coordination polymer precipitate [CuBDP](n) reached as high as 364mg g(-1), much greater than those of Cu(DDTC)(2) and Cu(DMTC)(2) (42.9 and 37.8mg g(-1), respectively). The investigation of adsorption models showed these adsorption processes followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation and the adsorption balances could be described with both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, but the latter seemed to be more suitable. Their adsorption nature was inferred to be physical adsorption and mainly depended on the hydrophobic interaction between these precipitates and Acid Red 73. This is the first example for the reutilization of metal dithiocarbamate precipitates as solid wastes to date.     

Environmental impact of aquaculture and countermeasures to aquaculture pollution in China

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Aquaculture activities are well known to be the major contributor to the increasing level of organic waste and toxic compound in the aquaculture industry. Along with the development of intensive aquaculture in China, concerns are evoked about the possible effects of ever-increasing aquaculture waste both on productivity inside the aquaculture system and on the ambient aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, it is apparent that appropriate waste treatment processes are needed for sustaining aquaculture development. This review aims at identifying the current status of aquaculture and aquaculture waste production in China. MAIN FEATURES: China is the world's largest fishery nation in terms of total seafood production volume, a position it has maintained continuously since 1990. Freshwater aquaculture is a major part of the Chinese fishery industry. Marine aquaculture in China consists of both land-based and offshore aquaculture, with the latter mostly operated in shallow seas, mud flats and protected bays. The environmental impacts of aquaculture are also striking. RESULTS: Case studies on pollution hot spots caused by aquaculture have been introduced. The quality and quantity of waste from aquaculture depends mainly on culture system characteristics and the choice of species, but also on feed quality and management. Wastewater without treatment, if continuously discharged into the aquatic environment, could result in remarkable elevation of the total organic matter contents and cause considerable economy lost. Waste treatments can be mainly classified into three categories: physical, chemical and biological methods. DISCUSSION: The environmental impacts of different aquaculture species are not the same. New waste treatments are introduced as references for the potential development of the waste treatment system in China. The most appropriate waste treatment system for each site should be selected according to the sites' conditions and financial status as well as by weighing the advantages and disadvantages of each system. Strategies and perspectives for sustainable aquaculture development are proposed, with the emphasis on environmental protection. CONCLUSIONS: Negative effects of waste from aquaculture to aquatic environment are increasingly recognized, though they were just a small proportion to land-based pollutants. Properly planned use of aquaculture waste alleviates water pollution problems and not only conserves valuable water resources but also takes advantage of the nutrients contained in effluent. It is highly demanding to develop sustainable aquaculture which keeps stocking density and pollution loadings under environmental capacity. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: The traditional procedures for aquaculture waste treatment, mainly based on physical and chemical means, should be overcome by more site-specific approaches, taking into account the characteristics and resistibility of the aquatic environment. Further research needs to improve or optimize the current methods of wastewater treatment and reuse. Proposed new treatment technology should evaluate their feasibility at a larger scale for practical application.     

典型矿业城市农田土壤重金属含量的空间结构特征——以辽宁省阜新市为例

运用地统计学方法对阜新市矿业密集区周围农田土壤重金属含量的空间结构特征进行了定量描述,并探讨了研究区域内重金属空间结构的主要影响因素.结果表明:研究区域农田土壤中As、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn等6种重金属元素的实验变异函数理论模型拟合效果较好,决定系数均达到0.01显著性水平;各重金属变程较大,除As以外均出现明显的漂移;变异函数的块金效应明显,空间相关性属中等,显示小尺度上受人为干扰的影响较大;除Ni的空间结构表现为各向同性以外,其余5种重金属均表现出明显的方向性特点;除土壤母质因素外,研究区域内以矿业和城市活动为主的人为干扰是影响农田重金属空间结构的重要原因.     

中国循环经济基本法立法架构研究

循环经济基本法立法架构的好与坏，不仅关系循环经济基本法的制定与出台，而且影响循环经济基本法的理解和执行。基于此。就循环经济基本法立法架构展开了综合研究，以期有助于中国循环经济基本法的制定与执行。在比较研究国外循环经济基本法立法架构与综合分析中国循环经济基本法立法架构研究现状的基础上，深入探讨中国循环经济的基本内涵以及中国循环经济基本法的基本定位与基本内容，进而提出一种新的中国循环经济基本法立法架构。从目前实践看，中国特色循环经济的内涵可以概括为是对生产和消费活动中物质能量流动方式的管理经济。中国循环经济建设应该从适度生产系统、适度消费系统和回收利用系统三个环节着手。根据经济基础决定上层建筑的基本原理，中国循环经济基本法作为一部环境友好型经济法以及具有一定强制性与制裁性的促进法，应当按照适度生产-适度消费-回收利用这条主线进行立法架构。     

An accelerated solvent extraction and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector method to rapidly determining and assessing total petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in soil from Fushan oilfield,China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - A high-efficient method for determining the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) was established by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection,...