施用生物质炭对土壤Cd、Pb有效性影响的整合分析

大量研究表明生物质炭施用可改变重金属在土壤中的生物有效性,但这种影响取决于土壤理化性质、生物质炭的种类与施用量等.本文以公开发表的81篇有关生物质炭与土壤重金属有效性的研究论文为基础进行归纳整理,采用数据整合分析方法,从土壤性质、生物质炭的特性与施用量等方面量化了生物质炭对土壤有效态Cd、Pb的影响.结果显示,与不施用生物质炭处理相比,施用生物质炭对土壤中Cd和Pb均具有显著的钝化效果,其有效态含量平均降低了37.59%和51.37%.其中,生物质炭对不同质地土壤Cd、Pb钝化效果表现为:砂质土壤壤质土壤粘质土壤,且生物质炭施用可使砂质土壤中有效态Cd、Pb平均降低47.18%和57.82%;生物质炭施用对弱酸性土壤Cd、Pb的钝化效果均最佳,弱酸性土壤Cd、Pb有效态含量平均降幅分别为50.05%和58.60%,略高于中性土壤,明显高于碱性土壤.从生物质炭类型看,壳渣类生物质炭施用使土壤有效态Cd、Pb降幅最大,分别为58.44%和71.28%;在500～600℃的温度区间下制备获取的生物质炭可使土壤有效态Cd、Pb显著降低52.23%和60.90%;当生物质炭pH在7～8,土壤中Cd的有效态含量降低了71.93%,当生物质炭pH小于7时,有效态Pb降幅最大为61.88%.另外,土壤Cd、Pb的钝化效果随着生物质炭施用量的增加而提高,当生物质炭施用量大于5%时,Cd、Pb有效态的降幅最大,分别达到54.41%和77.47%.可见,在选择生物质炭来修复重金属污染土壤时,应根据土壤性质来选择适宜的生物质炭种类及其施用量,以达到更好的钝化效果.     

厌氧消化技术与“三湖”有机污染防治

有机污染是近年来“三湖”污染的一个显著特征，利用厌氧消化技术，特别是应用大中型沼气工程及氧生物净化处理工程处理有机污水，投资经济，效果明显，易于实施，具有广阔的前景。     

象山港网箱养鱼区海水营养盐变化研究

于 2 0 0 0年 1～ 12月分析了浙江省象山港网箱养鱼区的水质变化规律 ,结果表明 :网箱内NO3 - N、NH4 N、NH3 N和IN全年平均值均明显高于鱼排外 ;从全年平均值来看PO43 - P不超标 ,但 2月和 10月PO43 - P高于四类水质标准 ;IN含量在全年均严重超标 ,且网箱内的值一般高于鱼排外 ,尤其是由养殖鱼类排泄导致的NH4 N和NH3 N更是如此。     

尘氡自动监测仪的研制

文章介绍了研究采用β射线衰减吸收原理，基于内部资源比较丰富、性能全面、适用性强的AT89C51单片机系统的，能在现场直接测定总粉尘浓度，呼吸性粉尘浓度和氡气体α潜能值的自动监测仪器。介绍了尘氡自动监测仪的工作原理、测定方法和仪器结构及硬件设计方法、软件设计方法，并且根据实际情况，为使测量结果尽量准确，实验了标准修正法，获得良好效果。本仪器是环保监测仪器的更新产品。     

The enhanced PC and PEC oxidation of formic acid in aqueous solution using a Cu-TiO2/ITO film

The photocatalytic (PC) and photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) activity of Cu-TiO2/ITO films for degrading formic acid in aqueous solution was investigated in this study. Compared with a TiO2/ITO film, the degradation efficiency of formic acid on the Cu-TiO2 films increased markedly in both the PC and PEC oxidation processes. However, it was found that the photodeposited Cu metal on the Cu-TiO2 films could electrochemically dissolute during the PEC reaction, while an electrical bias with the voltage higher than 1.48 V was applied. It is believed this is a common problem occurred for several metals deposition on the TiO2 films, which results in a poor stability of the metal-deposited TiO2 electrode in PEC processes. To improve the stability of the Cu-TiO2 electrode, an alternative process between PC and PEC reactions was investigated. It was found that the dissolute Cu metal during the PEC process was re-deposited on the Cu-TiO2 film again during the PC process. The experiments with repeated runs demonstrated that this alternative process could not only overcome the loss of Cu, but also enhance the PEC oxidation efficiency of the Cu-TiO2 films.     

Role of amination of a polymeric adsorbent on phenol adsorption from aqueous solution

Adsorption of seven phenols, one aromatic carboxylic acid and one sulfonated aromatic acid from aqueous solution, by a hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbent (CHA-111) and the derivative animated by dimethylamine was compared. The results of different adsorption isotherms indicated that amino group on the polymeric matrix played a significant role on adsorption of almost all the employed compounds. For most employed compounds adsorption capacities increase to different degree and significantly for those with lower value of pK(a). It may be attributed to the enhanced adsorbent-adsorbate interaction for amino group introduced on the polymeric matrix. The empirical Freundlich isotherm equation was employed to interpret the adsorbent-adsorbate interaction. The adsorption enthalpy change indicated the uptake of phenols on MCH-111 to be an enhanced physical adsorption because of the hydrogen-bonding interaction. Adsorption kinetic study of phenols on CHA-111 and MCH-111 was also conducted and amino group on the matrix will reduce the adsorption rate for change of pore size distribution and loss of macroprous volume as well as the hydration effect on the surface partly.     

甲壳素生产过程中色素和蛋白质的回收利用

采用乙醇为溶剂，提取虾壳中的虾红色素，通过正交试验，确定最佳工艺条件为乙醇浓度95%、温度75℃、浸提0.5h，此时虾红色素得率为4.92%。同时研究了不同pH值对蛋白质回收率的影响，当pH值=3.0时蛋白质回收率最高，为84.20%。     

牡蛎壳填料浸没式生物滤池的除磷特性

探讨如何提高普通浸没式生物滤池除磷效果为目的，采用牡蛎壳为填料，通过改变水力停留时间来考察牡蛎壳和陶粒两种填料的浸没式生物滤柱对CODMn、NH4^ -N以及PO^3--P的去除特性。结果表明，与陶粒填料相比牡蛎壳填料在对PO4^3--P的去除方面具有明显的优势，牡蛎壳良好的除磷性能主要是通过生物诱导的化学沉淀来实现的。     

黄磷废水处理工艺比较

针对黄磷废水的两种处理工艺做了详细的分析和比较 ,结果表明 ,对不同规模的黄磷生产厂 ,可采用不同的处理工艺 ,但最好是采用主动式黄磷废水处理工艺。主动式黄磷废水处理工艺能使黄磷废水经处理后达到GB8978 1996规定的国家一级排放标准。     

生物质催化气化制取富氢燃气的研究

以流化床为反应器 ,探讨了一些主要参数如 :反应器温度 ,水蒸气 ,当量比ER以及催化剂对气体成分、氢产率和潜在氢产率的影响。实验所用催化剂为白云石和镍基催化剂。在实验条件范围内 ,氢产率为 2 2— 83g/kg生物质 (湿基 ) ,潜在氢产率为 115— 2 2 3g/kg生物质 (湿基 )。结果表明 ,较高的反应器温度 ,适当的水蒸气添加量可以有效提高氢的产出 ;白云石和镍基催化剂可使产品气中的氢含量提高 10 %以上。