某石油污染地下水溶解性无机碳低异常的微生物地球化学成因探析

微生物地球化学作用往往导致石油污染场地地下水中溶解性无机碳(DIC)升高,而华北某石油污染场地地下水DIC低异常明显.为究其机理,在水文地球化学分析和16S rRNA基因高通量测序基础上,结合含水层结构及流场特征,剖析了地下水水化学和微生物两方面作用,辨识了地下水中DIC变异的主导因素,揭示了其中的生物地球化学作用的机理,发现该场地地下水DIC低异常可能与地下水中具有较高浓度钙镁离子和较高活性自养微生物有关,自养微生物代谢及诱导产生碳酸盐岩沉淀作用极可能是该场地地下水中DIC低异常的成因.推测机理为:Hydrogenophaga和Sedimentibacter等菌属微生物在氢化酶的作用下产氢气,Hydrogenophaga、Pseudomonas、Pseudoxanthomonas、Polynucleobacter等固碳微生物和产甲烷微生物利用氢气作为能源,将DIC合成有机碳,并产生碱性微环境,促使Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)与DIC反应形成碳酸钙镁沉淀.     

ACP1000余排系统管道的强度分析与评定

目的深入研究PIPESTRESS程序计算原理和方法,总结软件的特点,并对如何更好地使用有限元软件完成核级管道计算工作提出自己的观点,为后续的管道计算工作提供指导。方法采用PIPESTRESS软件对ACP1000余排系统管道进行应力计算,结合RCC-M规范和管道分析的基本原理,从管道模型建立、载荷定义与工况组合、管道抗震分析和应力评定几个方面对PIPESTRESS软件的基本原理和具体应用进行深入分析与研究,并采用SYSPIPE软件对PIPESTRESS的计算结果进行设计验证,对产生误差的原因进行深入研究。结果虽然存在一些影响验证结果的因素,但两种软件的计算结果十分接近。结论PIPESTRESS程序能够很好地胜任对ACP1000核级管道的建模、力学分析和应力评定工作,具有良好的计算精度,该研究成果可以为ACP1000管道计算提供依据,对未来PIPESTRESS程序在新堆型中的应用也具有很大的参考价值。     

Seasonal variations of tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate and cytotoxicity of organic extracts in water samples from Wuhan, China

Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate(TCEP) is a typical phosphate flame retardant. Its potential adverse health effects have recently aroused concern. We investigated the seasonal variations of TCEP concentrations in the raw, finished and tap water samples from two drinking water treatment plants(DWTPs) in China, and evaluated the cytotoxicity and apoptosis/necrosis of organic extracts(OEs) in water samples. We enriched TCEP and OEs in water samples by solid-phase extraction method. The TCEP concentrations in water samples were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Normal human liver cell line L02 was treated with OEs in the water samples, and then the cytotoxicity and apoptosis/necrosis were measured by 3-(4, 5-dimethyithiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The results showed that cytotoxicities of OEs in raw water samples from both DWTPs in summer and winter were stronger than those in spring and autumn, cytotoxicity of OEs in finished and tap water samples from both DWTPs in summer and autumn were stronger than those in spring and winter. In all seasons, the maximal concentrations(100 mL water/mL cell culture) of OEs in the raw water samples from both DWTPs induced late apoptosis/necrosis. The reasons for seasonal variations of TCEP in water samples and potential toxic effects of other pollutants in the water samples need to be further investigated.     

典型工业城市中小学降尘重金属风险评估和源解析研究

典型工业城市存在着教育区和工业区交错分布的现象,周围企业产生的降尘将直接对学校儿童健康产生危害。本文以中原地区的典型工业城市—焦作市为研究对象,通过采集焦作市6所中小学校30个降尘样,开展重金属污染特征、健康风险评价和源解析研究。结果表明,采样学校降尘中重金属Zn、Cu、As、Pb、Cr、Ni的浓度均超过了相应的土壤背景值,尤其是Pb和Zn超标达6.31和5.66倍;各金属元素地累积指数值由大到小依次为Pb、Zn、Ni、Cu、As、Cr、Co和Mn,其中Co、Mn属于无污染,Cu、As、Cr属于无污染-中度污染,Zn、Ni属于中度污染,Pb属于中度污染-强污染;通过手-口摄入重金属的非致癌风险要高于其他两种摄入途径;总非致癌风险排序为Mn>Cr>As>Pb>Co>Ni>Cu>Zn,其中Mn、Cr、As的非致癌风险均大于1,对儿童存在非致癌健康风险;各采样学校的非致癌风险顺序为杨庄小学>人民中学>万方小学>光明中学>希望小学>塔南路小学;As、Ni、Cr、Co的致癌风险均不高于安全阈值,致癌风险均在可接受范围之内;PMF源解析显示该研究区域降尘中重金属的主要来源为燃煤工业排放(32.5%)>汽车排放(25.7%)>工业制造(25.2%)>道路和工业降尘(16.7%)。     

Biodegradation of typical azole fungicides in activated sludge under aerobic conditions

Widespread use of azole fungicides and low removal efficiency in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have led to the elevated concentration of azole fungicides in receiving environment. However, there was limited research about the removal mechanism of azole fungicides in the biological treatment of WWTPs. Imidazole fungicide climbazole and triazole fungicide fluconazole were selected to investigate the biodegradation mechanism of azole fungicides in activated sludge under aerobic conditions. Climbazole was found to be adsorbed to solid sludge and resulted in quick biodegradation. The degradation of climbazole in the aerobic activated sludge system was fitted well by the first-order kinetic model with a half-life of 5.3 days, while fluconazole tended to stay in liquid and had only about 30% of loss within 77 days incubation. Ten biotransformation products of climbazole were identified by high resolution mass spectrometry using suspect and non-target screening method. But no biodegradation products of fluconazole were identified due to its limited removal. The possible biodegradation pathways for climbazole were proposed based on the products identification and pathway prediction system, and involves oxidative dehalogenation, side chain oxidation and azole ring loss. The findings from this study suggest that it should be a concern for the persistence of fluconazole in the environment.     

区域地下水环境演化的分子生物学特征——以太行山前平原浅层水为例

以太行山前平原大沙河流域的典型区域浅层地下水为研究对象,沿岸布点采集样本94组,采用基于16S rRNA基因的高通量测序技术,以硝酸盐、溶解氧、化学需氧量为环境因子,分析指示环境因子演化的微生物群落结构特征及功能性指示菌属.结果显示：采用累积概率分布法将样品分为背景（B）、硝酸盐污染（N）、有机污染（O）、有机硝酸盐复合污染（O_N）4组,该分类与地下水质量标准的I类、Ⅱ类水分类相近;污染使种群结构趋于一致,且有机污染可使微生物群落丰富度降低;不同污染类型导致环境演化的功能性指示菌属分别为：Micromonospora和unclassified_f_Micromonosporaceae指示有机污染,Chryseobacterium和Streptomyces指示硝酸盐污染,Pseudomonas和Microvirgula指示硝酸盐和有机复合污染.以上构建的分子生物学方法可为区域环境调查及微生物修复提供理论依据.     

Soil Organic Carbon Stock and Distribution in Cultivated Land Converted to Grassland in a Subtropical Region of China

Land-use change from one type to another affects soil carbon (C) stocks which is associated with fluxes of CO₂ to the atmosphere. The 10-years converted land selected from previously cultivated land in hilly areas of Sichuan, China was studied to understand the effects of land-use conversion on soil organic casrbon (SOC) sequestration under landscape position influences in a subtropical region of China. The SOC concentrations of the surface soil were greater (P < 0.001) for converted soils than those for cultivated soils but lower (P < 0.001) than those for original uncultivated soils. The SOC inventories (1.90–1.95 kg m^?2) in the 0–15 cm surface soils were similar among upper, middle, and lower slope positions on the converted land, while the SOC inventories (1.41–1.65 kg m^?2) in this soil layer tended to increase from upper to lower slope positions on the cultivated slope. On the whole, SOC inventories in this soil layer significantly increased following the conversion from cultivated land to grassland (P < 0.001). In the upper slope positions, converted soils (especially in 0–5 cm surface soil) exhibited a higher C/N ratio than cultivated soils (P = 0.012), implying that strong SOC sequestration characteristics exist in upper slope areas where severe soil erosion occurred before land conversion. It is suggested that landscape position impacts on the SOC spatial distribution become insignificant after the conversion of cultivated land to grassland, which is conducive to the immobilization of organic C. We speculate that the conversion of cultivated land to grassland would markedly increase SOC stocks in soil and would especially improve the potential for SOC sequestration in the surface soil over a moderate period of time (10 years).     

基于发射环境炮–弹–引耦合仿真的中大口径加榴炮机械触发引信失效分析

目的 研究高动态发射环境中大口径加榴炮机械触发引信及其内部典型机构的响应特性和底层失效原因。方法 建立炮–弹–引耦合数值模型,开展0号装药、1号装药、0.4''装填角和身管中等程度磨损等4种工况下的动力学仿真,对比不同工况下引信典型部位的响应特性。结果 装药量和火炮身管磨损量是引信典型部位载荷响应的主要影响因素,身管磨损量是弹丸出炮口姿态角的主要影响因素。身管中期磨损条件下,引信夹板部位膛内径向过载响应峰值达2 498.4g,为初始状态的6.1倍;回转体轴响应峰值达4 296.1g,为初始状态的1.5倍;弹丸出炮口俯仰角达0.4°,为初始状态的4.4倍。试验验证结果表明,典型特征参量的仿真模拟误差不大于5%。结论 弹丸发射过程中,远离弹轴的引信安全系统轴类零件会承受更大的轴向载荷冲击和径向多维度载荷冲击,更容易导致与夹板配合的轴孔结合处发生失效。火炮身管磨损会导致榴弹配用引信在内弹道和出炮口承受更高的径向过载,以更大的姿态角进入外弹道飞行,是中大口径加榴炮机械触发引信外弹道飞行章动角增大的主要因素之一。     

热反硝化地芽孢杆菌水解催化剩余污泥提取蛋白质

为实现剩余污泥无害化处理以及资源化利用,采用从高温堆肥基质中筛选出的可产蛋白酶、淀粉酶等胞外酶的嗜热菌—热反硝化地芽孢杆菌对污泥氮源进行提取,分析反应时间、污泥含固率以及嗜热菌粗酶液接种量对蛋白质提取的影响,并确定最佳反应条件.结果表明：水解过程中各因素对蛋白质回收率作用大小为：接种量>时间>含固率,得出最优工艺条件为：pH=7、T=60℃、t=8h、污泥含固率为4%以及嗜热菌接种量为20%,在此条件下污泥蛋白质提取率达到32.05%,氨基酸含量为359.6mg/L,多肽含量为1060.1mg/L,且污泥上清液粒径随着反应的进行逐渐减小.