基于发射环境炮–弹–引耦合仿真的中大口径加榴炮机械触发引信失效分析

目的 研究高动态发射环境中大口径加榴炮机械触发引信及其内部典型机构的响应特性和底层失效原因。方法 建立炮–弹–引耦合数值模型,开展0号装药、1号装药、0.4''装填角和身管中等程度磨损等4种工况下的动力学仿真,对比不同工况下引信典型部位的响应特性。结果 装药量和火炮身管磨损量是引信典型部位载荷响应的主要影响因素,身管磨损量是弹丸出炮口姿态角的主要影响因素。身管中期磨损条件下,引信夹板部位膛内径向过载响应峰值达2 498.4g,为初始状态的6.1倍;回转体轴响应峰值达4 296.1g,为初始状态的1.5倍;弹丸出炮口俯仰角达0.4°,为初始状态的4.4倍。试验验证结果表明,典型特征参量的仿真模拟误差不大于5%。结论 弹丸发射过程中,远离弹轴的引信安全系统轴类零件会承受更大的轴向载荷冲击和径向多维度载荷冲击,更容易导致与夹板配合的轴孔结合处发生失效。火炮身管磨损会导致榴弹配用引信在内弹道和出炮口承受更高的径向过载,以更大的姿态角进入外弹道飞行,是中大口径加榴炮机械触发引信外弹道飞行章动角增大的主要因素之一。     

热反硝化地芽孢杆菌水解催化剩余污泥提取蛋白质

为实现剩余污泥无害化处理以及资源化利用,采用从高温堆肥基质中筛选出的可产蛋白酶、淀粉酶等胞外酶的嗜热菌—热反硝化地芽孢杆菌对污泥氮源进行提取,分析反应时间、污泥含固率以及嗜热菌粗酶液接种量对蛋白质提取的影响,并确定最佳反应条件.结果表明：水解过程中各因素对蛋白质回收率作用大小为：接种量>时间>含固率,得出最优工艺条件为：pH=7、T=60℃、t=8h、污泥含固率为4%以及嗜热菌接种量为20%,在此条件下污泥蛋白质提取率达到32.05%,氨基酸含量为359.6mg/L,多肽含量为1060.1mg/L,且污泥上清液粒径随着反应的进行逐渐减小.     

Destructing surfactant network in nanoemulsions by positively charged magnetic nanorods to enhance oil-water separation

The separation of ultrafine oil droplets from wasted nanoemulsions stabilized with high concentration of surfactants is precondition for oil reuse and the safe discharge of effluent. However, the double barriers of the interfacial film and network structures formed by surfactants in nanoemulsions significantly impede the oil-water separation. To destroy these surfactant protective layers, we proposed a newly-developed polyethyleneimine micelle template approach to achieve simultaneous surface charge manipulation and morphology transformation of magnetic nanospheres to magnetic nanorods. The results revealed that positively charged magnetic nanospheres exhibited limited separation performance of nanoemulsions, with a maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of 50%, whereas magnetic nanorods achieved more than 95% COD removal in less than 30 s. The magnetic nanorods were also applicable to wasted nanoemulsions from different sources and exhibited excellent resistance to wide pH changes. Owing to their unique one-dimensional structure, the interfacial dispersion of magnetic nanorods was significantly promoted, leading to the efficient capture of surfactants and widespread destruction of both the interfacial film and network structure, which facilitated droplet merging into the oil phase. The easy-to-prepare and easy-to-tune strategy in this study paves a feasible avenue to simultaneously tailor surface charge and morphology of magnetic nanoparticles, and reveals the huge potential of morphology manipulation for producing high-performance nanomaterials to be applied in complex interfacial interaction process. We believe that the newly-developed magnetic-nanorods significantly contribute to hazardous oily waste remediation and advances technology evolution toward problematic oil-pollution control.     

Biofilm response and removal via the coupling of visible-light-driven photocatalysis and biodegradation in an environment of sulfamethoxazole and Cr(VI)

The widespread contamination of water systems with antibiotics and heavy metals has gained much attention. Intimately coupled visible -light-responsive photocatalysis and biodegradation (ICPB) provides a novel approach for removing such mixed pollutants. In ICPB, the photocatalysis products are biodegraded by a protected biofilm, leading to the mineralization of refractory organics. In the present study, the ICPB approach exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity and biodegradation, providing up to ∼1.27 times the degradation rate of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and 1.16 times the Cr(VI) reduction rate of visible-light-induced photocatalysis . Three-dimensional fluorescence analysis demonstrated the synergistic ICPB effects of photocatalysis and biodegradation for removing SMX and reducing Cr(VI). In addition, the toxicity of the SMX intermediates and Cr(VI) in the ICPB process significantly decreased. The use of MoS₂/CoS₂ photocatalyst accelerated the separation of electrons and holes, with•O₂^– and h⁺ attacking SMX and e^– reducing Cr(VI), providing an effective means for enhancing the removal and mineralization of these mixed pollutants via the ICPB technique. The microbial community results demonstrate that bacteria that are conducive to pollutant removal are were enriched by the acclimation and ICPB operation processes, thus significantly improving the performance of the ICPB system.     

汉江(丹江口坝下-兴隆段)水体中微塑料的赋存特征

河流作为内陆微塑料进入海洋的重要途径,其微塑料污染问题受到广泛关注. 为了解南水北调中线一期工程调水及梯级水利枢纽运行条件下,汉江(丹江口坝下-兴隆段)水体中微塑料的赋存状况,以该河段河道的表层水体以及王甫洲、崔家营、兴隆水利枢纽库区的表层、中层、底层水体为研究对象,通过野外采样调查,分析水体中微塑料的赋存特征. 结果表明:①汉江(丹江口坝下-兴隆段)表层水体中微塑料丰度的范围为4 467~8 400 n/m3,平均值为(6 260±1 431) n/m3,崔家营和兴隆水利枢纽库区中层水体中微塑料丰度均显著高于表层和底层水体. ②汉江(丹江口坝下-兴隆段)表层水体中微塑料粒径主要分布在[200, 500) μm,占比为42.5%;且随水深增加,微塑料粒径有增大趋势,崔家营水利枢纽库区底层水体、兴隆水利枢纽库区中层及底层水体中微塑料粒径均以[500, 1 000) μm为主. ③汉江(丹江口坝下-兴隆段)表层水体中观测到的微塑料以纤维状为主,占比为65.2%,但微塑料形状在水利枢纽库区随水深发生显著性变化,即随水深增加,纤维状的微塑料占比下降,碎片状的微塑料占比增加. ④汉江(丹江口坝下-兴隆段)表层水体中微塑料聚合物类型以尼龙为主,占比约为65.9%,但王甫洲、崔家营、兴隆水利枢纽库区中层及底层水体中尼龙的占比均有所下降,平均值分别为57.3%和43.1%. 研究显示,水利枢纽库区中的微塑料有在水体中层聚集的趋势,其粒径、形状和材质在不同水层的分布也有所不同,今后还需要对微塑料在水利枢纽库区中的沉降机制进行深入研究,以系统揭示微塑料在水利枢纽运行条件下的环境行为与输移规律.      

Dispersion of carbon dioxide released from buried high-pressure pipeline over complex terrain

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - To quantitatively assess the risks associated with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology, a better understanding of the dispersion...     

Reduced graphene oxide modified Z-scheme AgI/Bi2MoO6 heterojunctions with boosted photocatalytic activity for water treatment originated from the efficient charge pairs partition and migration

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In order to enhance degradation of harmful organic pollutants like Rhodamine B (RhB) dye under visible-light irradiation (λ >420 nm), a...     

舟山渔场及邻近海域桡足类种类组成和数量分布

根据2006年8月(夏)、2007年1月(冬)、5月(春)和11月(秋)4个季节在舟山渔场及邻近海域(29°30'~31°30'N,124°30'E以西)开展海洋生态系统综合调查所获得的资料,分析了该海域桡足类的种类组成和数量分布特征。结果表明,该次调查海域共鉴定桡足类65种,其中:4个季节皆出现的种类有10种,占总种数的15.38%。优势种为中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)、精致真刺水蚤(Euchaeta concinna)、微刺哲水蚤(Canthocalanus paupe)和缘齿厚壳水蚤(Scolecithrix nicobarica)等10种。根据优势度和回归贡献分析表明,春、夏、秋、冬4个季节总丰度分布主要取决于中华哲水蚤、精致真刺水蚤、缘齿厚壳水蚤和微刺哲水蚤的分布,且优势种季节更替显著。桡足类丰度高值区位于不同水系交汇的混合水域,4个季节丰度平均值变化为春季(567.4 ind·m^-3)>夏季(104.12 ind·m^-3)>秋季(97.23 ind·m^-3)>冬季(72.45 ind·m^-3)。     

铝胁迫下不同耐铝小麦品种活性氧代谢差异及与小麦耐铝性的关系

逆境条件下植物体内产生并累积活性氧从而破坏植物组织结构与功能,同时植物也可以通过改变活性氧代谢相关酶活性清除活性氧而减轻活性氧伤害以适应环境胁迫。为研究铝胁迫下不同耐铝小麦品种（TriticumaestivumL．）在活性氧代谢上的差异及与小麦耐铝性的关系,本试验选用小麦品种ET8（耐铝型）、ES8（铝敏感型）为试验材料研究了不同耐铝小麦品种活性氧代谢变化上的差异。结果表明,50μmol·L-1铝处理24h,ET8和ES8活性氧含量显著升高,O2产生速率增幅分别为10．5％和20．4％,H202含量增幅分别为3．3％和7．6％。ET8和ES8超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性增幅分别为11．9％和41．6％,过氧化物酶（POD）活性增幅为51．8％和77．8％,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性增幅为54．4％和29．1％,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性增幅为32．9％和38．4％,谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性增幅为83．1％和85．5％。虽然抗氧化酶活性增加后会清除一部分活性氧,但活性氧的累积仍然造成了膜脂的过氧化,ET8和ES8丙二醛（MDA）含量分别增加18．2％和50．0％,质膜透性也随着MDA含量的升高而增加,增幅分别为1．25倍和1．36倍。综上所述,不同耐铝品种间活性氧代谢的差异是小麦品种耐铝性差异显著的原因之一。