Fabrication of Polypyrrole/Chitosan Nanocomposite Aerogel Monolith for Removal of Cr(VI)

Three-dimensional polypyrrole/chitosan nanocomposite monoliths are fabricated by polymerization of pyrrole in chitosan aqueous solution. The static polymerization of pyrrole monomer and the cross-linking of chitosan by glutaraldehyde occur simultaneously, resulting in the self-assembly of polypyrrole/chitosan nanocomposite aerogel monolith. The addition of methyl orange and glutaraldehyde and the static reaction play key roles in the formation of the self-standing aerogel monolith. The as-prepared monolith with larger specific surface area exhibits much better adsorption capability for Cr(VI) removal in comparison with that prepared without the addition of glutaraldehyde. The adsorption process and adsorption isotherms are found to well follow the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models, respectively. Furthermore, this polypyrrole/chitosan nanocomposite monolith is stable and recyclable. About 73.5% of the initial adsorption capability is kept after eight adsorption–desorption cycles. The polypyrrole/chitosan nanocomposite monolith can be a promising candidate for the efficient removal of Cr(VI).     

中国社会发展水平的衡量标准与实践

中国社会统计指标体系由15大类,1000多个指标构成,适应于多层次、多角度、多目的的社会发展需要,在社会发展综合评价和实践活动中发挥了重要作用。     

基于熵权法和 PSR 模型的佛山市土地生态安全评价研究

选取20项评价指标,运用PSR模型构建了广东省佛山市土地生态安全评价指标体系,通过熵权法和综合指数法测算佛山市土地生态安全综合指数。结果表明：①佛山市2004年至2011年土地生态安全综合指数总体上有下降的趋势,由2004年的0.5108下降到2011年的0.2452,说明佛山市土地生态安全总体呈下降趋势,由预警进入重警状态;②研究时间段内佛山市土地生态安全状况总体较差,2004年至2011年一直处于有警状态,土地生态系统正面临着资源、环境和人类的威胁和挑战。     

昆明多风季节大气PM_(2.5)污染特征及来源分析

研究了昆明春季多风时大气PM2.5化学成分组成特征,并对PM2.5的来源进行了解析。结果表明:昆明春季常规污染物呈现白天低、夜间高的规律,这种现象与气象条件显著相关;昆明市PM2.5上无机元素的含量在0.001~20.849μg/m3之间,35种元素总和浓度为38.464μg/m3,占PM2.5质量浓度的16.02%,Si、Na、Al、Fe、Ti、K是主要元素,基本上呈现金鼎山东风东路西山森林公园的分布模式;PM2.5上9种离子总和浓度为16.47μg/m3,占PM2.5质量浓度的6.89%,SO42-是主要离子,占总离子的59.02%,后向轨迹模型表明西山森林公园受到安宁、玉溪等工业城市的远距离传输影响;主成分分析结果发现,西山森林公园PM2.5主要来源于机动车尾气排放、土壤扬尘、燃煤源、二次污染源,金鼎山主要来源于冶金制造业、二次污染源,东风东路主要来源于交通源排放、土壤尘、二次污染源。     

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature on the soil profile methane distribution and diffusion in rice–wheat rotation system

The aim of this experiment was to determine the impacts of climate change on soil profile concentrations and diffusion effluxes of methane in a rice–wheat annual rotation ecosystem in Southeastern China. We initiated a field experiment with four treatments: ambient conditions (CKs), CO₂ concentration elevated to ~ 500 μmol/mol (FACE), temperature elevated by ca. 2°C (T) and combined elevation of CO₂ concentration and temperature (FACE + T). A multilevel sampling probe was designed to collect the soil gas at four different depths, namely, 7 cm, 15 cm, 30 cm and 50 cm. Methane concentrations were higher during the rice season and decreased with depth, while lower during the wheat season and increased with depth. Compared to CK, mean methane concentration was increased by 42%, 57% and 71% under the FACE, FACE + T and T treatments, respectively, at the 7 cm depth during the rice season (p < 0.05). Mean methane diffusion effluxes to the 7 cm depth were positive in the rice season and negative in the wheat season, resulting in the paddy field being a source and weak sink, respectively. Moreover, mean methane diffusion effluxes in the rice season were 0.94, 1.19 and 1.42 mg C/(m²·hr) in the FACE, FACE + T and T treatments, respectively, being clearly higher than that in the CK. The results indicated that elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration and temperature could significantly increase soil profile methane concentrations and their effluxes from a rice–wheat field annual rotation ecosystem (p < 0.05).     

环保标准对环保产业的影响分析

环保标准是实施国家环境保护法律、法规的技术依据, 是开展环境管理、环境执法工作的有力抓手。环 保产业是促进清洁生产和污染减排,实现达标排放的有效措施。环保标准对环保产业的发展具有重要影 响,是环保产业发展的动力,为环保产业挖掘潜能、拓宽空间、提供指导,同时又与环保产业相互依 存。强化环保标准对环保产业的促进作用,应以改革创新的精神综合考虑当前面临的主要问题,有序推 进环保标准的制定和实施工作。     

黄颡鱼黑色素细胞原代培养及迁移相关基因克隆分析

黑素皮质素受体-1(MC1R)在鱼体中对黑色素细胞的分化及迁移起主要的调控作用,而且在神经系统和免疫系统中表现出不同功能。本研究对黄颡鱼表皮黑色素细胞的培养条件进行探索,并在此基础上对MC1R基因进行克隆,为后续研究黄颡鱼黑色素异常的细胞及分子机理研究提供基础。结果表明,黄颡鱼表皮黑色素细胞在27 ℃培养条件下,72 h开始贴壁生长,培养基中添加20 %小牛血清培养效果比添加10%小牛血清好。MC1R基因克隆方面,黄颡鱼MC1R基因全长为936 bp,编码312个氨基酸,与剑尾鱼(Xiphophorus maculates)、孔雀鱼(Poecilia reticulata)、条斑星鲽(Verasper moseri)、海鲈(Dicentrarchus labrax)、大菱鲆(Psetta maxima)等5种鱼类MC1R基因的同源性分别为97%、96%、90%、90%、90%,系统分析结果显示,黄颡鱼MC1R基因在进化树上的位置与黄颡鱼的分类所处位置基本吻合。证明黄颡鱼表皮黑色素细胞原代培养的条件为：27℃,添加20% 小牛血清,所克隆基因为黄颡鱼MC1R基因。     

消油剂与120#燃料油对马粪海胆(Hemicentrotus pul-cherrimus)抗氧化酶活性的影响

在溢油事故应急处置中,消油剂的使用备受争议。为探究消油剂和溢油对海洋底栖模式生物海胆(Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus)复合毒性效应,通过WAFs(Water-accommodated fractions)和CEWAFs(Chemically enhanced water-accommodated fractions)的96 h暴露实验,测定海胆肠和性腺中过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)活性的变化。实验结果表明:随油水配比浓度的增加,4种酶活性呈现先升高后降低趋势,且酶活性峰值均极显著高于海水对照组水平(P0.01)。肠中4种酶活性最大诱导倍数均高于性腺。相同暴露浓度下,CEWAFs组4种酶活性诱导程度均高于WAFs组。消油剂对照组和海水对照组间4种酶活性则无显著性差异(P0.05)。     

聚乙烯醇精馏残渣组分分析及其环境风险评价

为评估聚乙烯醇生产中精馏残渣组分及其环境污染风险,为此类危险废物的环境管理提供技术支持,采集华东某聚乙烯醇生产企业的精馏残渣,分析其重金属以及有机污染物含量,并评估其环境风险。研究结果表明聚乙烯醇精馏残渣主要来自生产环节中的醋酸乙烯精制工段,残渣中的有机物组分主要为醋酸及其他有机酸类,其中醋酸的相对含量达到63.47%;残渣中的重金属主要包括Zn、Ni和Cr,其含量分别为404 537 mg·kg-1,8 654 mg·kg-1和5 084 mg·kg-1。环境风险评价的结果表明残渣中有机物污染物引起的环境风险在可接受范围内,而重金属污染严重,同时有很高潜在生态风险。精馏残渣中的主要环境污染风险因子为醋酸、Zn和Ni。     

Removal of hexavalent chromium from contaminated waters by ultrasound-assisted aqueous solution ball milling

Batch mode experiments were conducted to study the removal of hexavalent chromium(Cr(Ⅵ)) from aqueous solutions using ultrasound-assisted aqueous solution ball milling.The results show that the reduction rate of Cr(Ⅵ) by ultrasound-assisted aqueous solution ball milling was significantly faster than that by ball milling or ultrasound treatment alone,and an initial Cr(Ⅵ) concentration of 166 mg/L could be decreased to 0.35 mg/L at 120 min.The decisive factors, including initial concentration of Cr(Ⅵ), p H value, ultrasonic frequency and filling gas, were studied. It was found that the optimal ultrasonic frequency for ultrasound-assisted aqueous solution ball milling device was 20 k Hz, and the rate of Cr(Ⅵ)reduction as a function of filling gas followed the order: Ar air N_2 O_2. Samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, fluorescence measurements, atomic absorption and the diphenylcarbazide colorimetric method. The Cr(Ⅵ) transformed into a precipitate that could be removed from the contaminated water, after which the water could be reused.