应用环境舱研究室内混凝土墙体中氨的释放规律

采用环境舱模拟研究了随温度(T)、相对湿度(RH)和空气交换率(AER)变化墙体试块中氨的释放规律,并将现场实验结果与环境舱的模拟实验结果进行对比.研究发现:T和RH一定,随着AER的增大,舱内氨气平衡浓度下降,氨气挥发速率和完全释放时间呈现出一定的规律性;AER和RH一定,舱内氨气平衡浓度和挥发速率随T升高而变大,完全释放时间减小;与AER和T相比,RH对氨气释放的影响有限;通过与现场通风实验和浓度监测结果比较,考虑到室内墙体老化时间等因素,环境舱实验与实际住宅测试得到的结论基本一致.在一般的情况下,使用含尿素防冻剂的住宅,其墙体中氨释放完全大约需要10～32年.     

钙法烟气脱硫技术研究进展

综述了湿法、干法与半干法3种钙法烟气脱硫技术的主要特点、脱硫机理及主要影响因素。对3种方法在脱硫过程中出现的问题进行了分析并提出了相应的对策。     

Size distribution, characteristics and sources of heavy metals in haze episod in Beijing

Size segragated samples were collected during high polluted winter haze days in 2006 in Beijing, China. Twenty nine elements and 9 water soluble ions were determined. Heavy metals of Zn, Pb, Mn, Cu, As, Cr, Ni, V and Cd were deeply studied considering their toxic effect on human being. Among these heavy metals, the levels of Mn, As and Cd exceeded the reference values of National Ambient Air Quality Standard （GB3095-2012） and guidelines of World Health Organization. By estimation, high percentage of atmospheric heavy metals in PM2.5 indicates it is an effective way to control atmospheric heavy metals by PM2.5 controlling. Pb, Cd, and Zn show mostly in accumulation mode, V, Mn and Cu exist mostly in both coarse and accumulation modes, and Ni and Cr exist in all of the three modes. Considering the health effect, the breakthrough rates of atmospheric heavy metals into pulmonary alveoli are： Pb （62.1%） 〉 As （58.1%） 〉 Cd （57.9%） 〉 Zn （57.7%） 〉 Cu （55.8%） 〉 Ni （53.5%） 〉 Cr （52.2%） 〉 Mn （49.2%） 〉 V （43.5%）. Positive matrix factorization method was applied for source apportionment of studied heavy metals combined with some marker elements and ions such as K, As, SO42- etc., and four factors （dust, vehicle, aged and transportation, unknown） are identified and the size distribution contribution of them to atmospheric heavy metals are discussed.     

Similarities and differences of metal distributions in the tissues of molluscs by using multivariate analyses

Multivariate analysis including correlation, multiple stepwise linear regression, and cluster analyses were applied to investigate the heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in the different parts of bivalves and gastropods. It was also aimed to distinguish statistically the differences between the marine bivalves and the gastropods with regards to the accumulation of heavy metals in the different tissues. The different parts of four species of bivalves and four species of gastropods were obtained and analyzed for heavy metals. The multivariate analyses were then applied on the data. From the multivariate analyses conducted, there were correlations found between the soft tissues of bivalves and gastropods, but none was found between the shells and the soft tissues of most of the molluscs (except for Cerithidea obtusa and Puglina cochlidium). The significant correlations (P < 0.05) found between the soft tissues were further complemented by the multiple stepwise linear regressions where heavy metals in the total soft tissues were influenced by the accumulation in the different types of soft tissues. The present study found that the distributions of heavy metals in the different parts of molluscs were related to their feeding habits and living habitats. The statistical approaches proposed in this study are recommended for use in biomonitoring studies, since multivariate analyses can reduce the cost and time involved in identifying an effective tissue to monitor the heavy metal(s) bioavailability and contamination in tropical coastal waters.     

Game theory approach to the analysis of inter-plant water integration in an eco-industrial park

Industrial water conservation is an important adaptation to the effects of climate change. In addition to water conservation within individual plants, wastewater can be reused/recycled among different companies through inter-plant water integration (IPWI) schemes. Such schemes are based on the concept of industrial ecology and industrial symbiosis, and can be used to achieve greater water savings than when water conservation is implemented in individual companies separately. However, in IPWI, each participating company seeks to maximise its own benefits. In the absence of centralised authority dictating the terms of water integration schemes, conventional modelling techniques are not appropriate. This paper shows how a game theory-based approach can be used to analyse the interaction of participating companies in an eco-industrial park seeking to develop an IPWI scheme.     

汞矿区大气汞的流通量与汞干湿沉降研究

应用ＦｌｕｘＣｈａｍｂｅｒ技术评价汞矿,矿渣及附近土壤表面汞的流通量,表明,土壤表面汞的流通量平均为１７３．５ｎｇ．ｈ＾－１．ｍ＾－２,矿均为２３６．６ｎｇ．ｈ＾－１．ｍ＾－２,原矿平均为７０ｎｇ．ｈ＾－１．ｍ＾－２。     

A Framework for Evaluating the Effects of Human Factors on Wildlife Habitat: the Case of Giant Pandas

Abstract: To address the complex interactions between humans and wildlife habitat, we developed a conceptual framework that links human factors with forested landscapes and wildlife habitat. All the components in the framework are integrated into systems models that analyze the effects of human factors and project how wildlife habitat would change under different policy scenarios. As a case study, we applied this framework to the Wolong Nature Reserve in Sichuan Province (southwestern China), the largest home of the giant panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca ). We collected ecological and socioeconomic data with a combination of various methods ( field observations, aerial photographs, government documents and statistics, interviews, and household surveys) and employed geographic information systems and systems modeling to analyze and integrate the data sources. Human population size has increased by 66% and the number of households in the reserve has increased by 115% since 1975, when the reserve was established. During the same period, the quality and quantity of the giant panda habitat dramatically decreased because of increasing human activities such as fuelwood collection. Systems modeling predicted that under the status quo, human population in the reserve would continue to grow and cause more destruction of the remaining panda habitat, whereas reducing human birth rates and increasing human emigration rates would lower human population size and alleviate human impacts on the panda habitat. Furthermore, our simulations and surveys suggested that policies encouraging the emigration of young people would be more effective and feasible than relocating older people in reducing human population size and conserving giant panda habitat in the reserve.     

端烯丙基苯并15-冠-5接枝壳聚糖对金属离子的吸附性能

将３’－端烯丙基苯并１５－冠－５和４’－端烯丙基苯并１５－冠－５接枝到壳糖或交联壳聚糖上,合成了４种新新型的壳聚糖冠醚,并研究了这４种壳聚糖冠醚对Ｐｄ＾２＋、Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｈｇ＾２＋的静态吸附性能。结果表明,这４种吸附剂对Ｐｄ＾２＋具有良好的吸附性能,并能在Ｃｕ＾２＋和Ｈｇ＾２＋共存的条件下选择吸附Ｐｄ＾２＋。     

暴雨内涝对城市社区居民出行影响的初步分析——以上海市普陀区金沙居委地区为例

开展城市社区暴雨内涝模拟,初步分析受影响的居民数量.以上海市普陀区金沙居委地区为案例,利用上海市暴雨经验公式计算重现期为50年、100年、500年三种不同情景下的1h降水量,以修正的SCS模型计算径流量.结合上海市排水管网系统的运行状况和实测的研究区相对高程,模拟9种不同情景下暴雨积水的淹没深度,分析不同情景下受影响的房屋分布和对居民出行的影响.随着暴雨强度的增强,排水管网系统功能的失效,积水区域由研究区中部不断扩大.在重现期为500年的情景下,在排水系统完全失效的情况下,最大淹没深度可达0.405 m,道路积水影响出行的人数达到5 970人,占研究区总人口数的87％,已经严重影响到当地居民的日常生活和出行.     

四川省泥石流预报的区域临界雨量指标研究

本文在讨论四川泥石流分区的基础上,论述了区域泥石流临界雨量指标的确定方法及应用问题。并制定了四川泥石流预报的区域临界日雨量和临界小时雨强指标。