应用环境舱研究室内混凝土墙体中氨的释放规律

采用环境舱模拟研究了随温度(T)、相对湿度(RH)和空气交换率(AER)变化墙体试块中氨的释放规律,并将现场实验结果与环境舱的模拟实验结果进行对比.研究发现:T和RH一定,随着AER的增大,舱内氨气平衡浓度下降,氨气挥发速率和完全释放时间呈现出一定的规律性;AER和RH一定,舱内氨气平衡浓度和挥发速率随T升高而变大,完全释放时间减小;与AER和T相比,RH对氨气释放的影响有限;通过与现场通风实验和浓度监测结果比较,考虑到室内墙体老化时间等因素,环境舱实验与实际住宅测试得到的结论基本一致.在一般的情况下,使用含尿素防冻剂的住宅,其墙体中氨释放完全大约需要10～32年.     

辽河平原土壤背景值区域特征及分布规律

本文对辽河平原各土类、亚类、土属、区域土壤背景值含量范围和区域特征进行了探讨,并列出该区土壤元素间相互关系回归方程和相关矩阵,研究结果表明:(1)该区多数土壤元素含量处于世界土壤元素含量的下限;(2)土壤变异系数多为30—50%;(3)各剖面中元素迁移系数为0.9—1.0;(4)土壤元素背景值分布规律为东南部大于西、北部。     

基于归一化差值植被指数的极端干旱气象对西南地区生态系统影响遥感分析

以年际同期归一化差值植被指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI)作为评价指标,分析极端干旱气象对西南地区生态系统影响的时空分布特征,提出旱灾可能造成的生态影响及应采取的管理和科研措施. 结果表明:2009年8月—2010年3月,西南地区的生态系统受极端干旱天气影响显著,威胁程度呈上升趋势;贵州、广西和云南三省(自治区)受干旱影响的生态系统面积先后超过各省份生态系统总面积的80%,生态系统强度变差区集中在云南的中东部、贵州西南部和广西西北部等地区;农田生态系统受损严重,农作物大面积枯死或绝收;大量水库、池塘干涸,河流水位明显下降,部分河流断流,危及水生生物生存;自然植被影响明显,植被生长明显受到抑制,干热河谷地带和岩溶地形区域植被大面积退化,威胁当地生物多样性.      

微污染水源水强化出水水质技术研究

文章主要阐述了针对目前中国微污染水源水的特点及许多自来水厂普遍存在的水质问题,对生物强化过滤技术的应用进行了较深入的研究。生物活性滤池由于出水的亚硝酸盐氮浓度较低,因而节约了氯耗,减少了消毒副产物的生成,强化了出水水质,具有更高的水质安全性。生物强化过滤工艺既可以起生物过滤作用,又不增加任何新的设施,是一种易为水厂接受、经济实用的解决微污染饮用水源问题的有效途径,对保证水质安全及生产应用都具有非常重要的意义。     

Size distribution, characteristics and sources of heavy metals in haze episod in Beijing

Size segragated samples were collected during high polluted winter haze days in 2006 in Beijing, China. Twenty nine elements and 9 water soluble ions were determined. Heavy metals of Zn, Pb, Mn, Cu, As, Cr, Ni, V and Cd were deeply studied considering their toxic effect on human being. Among these heavy metals, the levels of Mn, As and Cd exceeded the reference values of National Ambient Air Quality Standard （GB3095-2012） and guidelines of World Health Organization. By estimation, high percentage of atmospheric heavy metals in PM2.5 indicates it is an effective way to control atmospheric heavy metals by PM2.5 controlling. Pb, Cd, and Zn show mostly in accumulation mode, V, Mn and Cu exist mostly in both coarse and accumulation modes, and Ni and Cr exist in all of the three modes. Considering the health effect, the breakthrough rates of atmospheric heavy metals into pulmonary alveoli are： Pb （62.1%） 〉 As （58.1%） 〉 Cd （57.9%） 〉 Zn （57.7%） 〉 Cu （55.8%） 〉 Ni （53.5%） 〉 Cr （52.2%） 〉 Mn （49.2%） 〉 V （43.5%）. Positive matrix factorization method was applied for source apportionment of studied heavy metals combined with some marker elements and ions such as K, As, SO42- etc., and four factors （dust, vehicle, aged and transportation, unknown） are identified and the size distribution contribution of them to atmospheric heavy metals are discussed.     

沈阳市新城子铬渣堆存区土壤铬污染分布及形态分析

采用Tessier A连续提取法,研究分析了沈阳市新城子铬渣堆存区土壤中重金属铬的污染分布和迁移转化规律,土壤中重金属铬的5种形态分布,主要以残渣态和碳酸盐结合态为主,分别占总量的49.74%和21.4%,而有机结合态含量最低,占总铬含量的6.25%。不同的功能区域铬的形态分布有所不同。总体的分布特征是残渣态>碳酸盐结合态>交换态>铁猛氧化态>有机态。     

红树林区污水对藻类种群结构的影响

为了解红树林生态系统的功能,在深圳福田红树林沼泽进行生活污水排放对藻类种群结构及污染生态影响的研究。在海水退潮时,将生活污水排入红树林区,调查藻类的种类组成和数量变化。当污水排入红树林后,大部分藻类不能适应生境的剧变而死亡,只有少数适应性强的种类可以存活。以扁圆囊裸藻（Trachelomomas curta）、裸藻（Euglena spp．）、线性棒条藻（Rhabdoderma lieara）、鱼腥藻（Anabaena comstricta）为典型污染指示种类。放污水前后,底栖藻类生物量总量（叶绿素T）不呈现显著差异。近海水域藻类基本为自生地藻类,以硅藻（Bacillariophyta）为优势类群。藻类主要根据季节更替而出现种类季节演替及生物量的季节波动。污水排放对近海藻类生长有一定的促进作用,红树林具有净化、吸收污染物的功能,但必须严格控制污水排放量。     

Cadmium accumulation and tolerance of two castor cultivars in relation to antioxidant systems

To investigate the effects of Cd on tolerance and antioxidant activities of castor, two different castor（Ricinus communis L.） cultivars（Zibo No. 5 and Zibo No. 8） were used for a hydroponic experiment（0, 1 and 2 mg/L Cd） and a pot experiment using Cd-contaminated soil（34 mg/kg） with the addition of ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid（EDTA）. The results indicated that there were significant differences between the two cultivars with respect to Cd uptake in shoots（113–248 mg/kg for Zibo No. 5 and 130–288 mg/kg Zibo No. 8）, biomass tolerance indexes（64.9%–74.6% for Zibo No. 5 and 80.1%–90.9% for Zibo No. 8） in the hydroponic experiment and survival rates（0% for Zibo No. 5 and 100% for Zibo No. 8）determined by the addition of EDTA in the pot experiment, suggesting that Zibo No. 8 has higher tolerance than Zibo No. 5. Moreover, the castor cultivars have low bioconcentration factors（4.80% for Zibo No. 5 and 5.43% for Zibo No. 8） and low translocation factors（〈1%）.Consequently, Zibo No. 8 can participate in Cd phytostabilization in highly Cd-polluted areas. The results indicated that glutathione（GSH） as a non-enzymatic antioxidant, and antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase（SOD）, catalase（CAT） and guaiacol peroxidase（GPX）, were cultivar- and dose-dependent. The higher tolerance of Zibo No. 8compared with Zibo No. 5 can be attributed to the higher GSH levels in the root and higher GPX activity in the leaf.     

水生态系中有机磷农药生物净化机理的研究

本报告研究了利用氧化塘处理废水中对硫磷农药的生物净化机理。分离出Pseudomonas sp.CTP-01、CTP-02两个菌株,对对硫磷和对硝基酚具有很高的降解能力,其降解速度分别为11.0g/l/day和6.0g/I/day。观察了对硫磷及分解产物对栅藻光合作用的影响和模拟藻菌系统中对硝基酚的降解。研究了Pseudomonas sp.CTP-01的对硫磷的酶解,对硫磷水解酶降解对硫磷的最高速度可达1×10~4n mol/mg prot./min.Cu离子对酶有明显的激活作用。Pseudomonas sp.CTP-02在降解对硝基酚时首先发生硝基脱落,然后进一步被降解。     

TiO2/Ag modified penta-bismuth hepta-oxide nitrate and its adsorption performance for azo dye removal

A modified hydrophilic penta-bismuth hepta-oxide nitrate (Bi₅O₇NO₃) surface was synthesized via a precipitation method using TiO₂ and Ag as modified agents. The synthesized product was characterized by different analytical techniques. The removal efficiency was evaluated using mono-and di-sulphonated azo dyes as model pollutants. Different kinetic, isotherm and diffusion models were chosen to describe the adsorption process. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results revealed no noticeable differences in the chemical states of modified adsorbent when compared to pure Bi₅O₇NO₃;however, the presence of hydrophilic centres such as TiO₂ and Ag developed positively charged surface groups and improved its adsorption performance to a wide range of azo dyes. Dyes removal was found to be a function of adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, solution pH and temperature. The reduction of Langmuir 1,2-mixed order kinetics to the second or first-order kinetics could be successfully used to describe the adsorption of dyes onto the modified adsorbent. Mass transfer can be described by intra-particle diffusion at a certain stage, but it was not the rate limiting step that controlled the adsorption process. Homogenous behavior of adsorbent surface can be explored by applying Langmuir isotherm to fit the adsorption data.