缺氧-好氧生物滤池中高效菌对活性红KN-3B的降解特性

为了研究高效脱色菌在缺氧好氧生物滤池（A/O biofilter）中对偶氮染料的降解特性,以活性红KN-3B（C.I. reactive red 180）为降解对象,缺氧生物滤池以火山碎石为填料,接种高效脱色菌CK3柯氏柠檬酸杆菌启动,好氧生物滤池以牡蛎壳为填料,接种污水处理厂活性污泥启动。试验考察了不同工况下缺氧-好氧生物滤池对色度和COD的去除效果,结果表明：生物滤池中微生物对偶氮染料活性红KN-3B的脱色和对COD降解的最适pH条件为弱酸性;缺氧滤池中高效菌对色度的去除需要外加碳源,且增加外加碳源有助于脱色率的提高;该高效菌为耐盐菌,当进水NaCl浓度达30 g/L时,色度去除率仍可达93%以上;当染料负荷达500 mg/L时,脱色率仍可达95%。通过紫外-可见扫描图谱分析初步推断CK-3柯氏柠檬酸杆菌对偶氮染料活性红KN-3B的脱色主要是生物降解作用。     

High methane emissions from a littoral zone on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The littoral zones of lakes have been regarded as hotspots of methane (CH₄) fluxes through several studies. In the present study, we measured CH₄ fluxes in six kinds of littoral zones of Huahu Lake on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in the peak growing season of 2006 and 2007. We found that CH₄ efflux (ranging from −0.1 to 90 mg CH₄ m⁻² h⁻¹) from the littoral zones of this lake was relatively high among those of boreal and temperate lakes. Our results also showed that emergent plant zones (Hippuris vulgaris and Glyceria maxima stands) recorded the highest CH₄ flux rate. The CH₄ flux in the floating mat zone of Carex muliensis was significantly lower than those of the emergent plant zones. CH₄ fluxes in the floating-leaved zone of Polygonum amphibium and bare lakeshore showed no significant difference and ranked last but one, only higher than that of the littoral meadow (Kobresia tibetica). Plant biomass and standing water depths were important factors to explain such spatial variations in CH₄ fluxes. No significant temporal variations in CH₄ fluxes were found due to the insignificant variations of physical factors in the peak growing season. These results may help in our understanding of the importance of the littoral zone of lakes, especially the emergent plant zone, as a hotspot of CH₄ emission.     

城市火灾案例库辅助决策方法的研究

在对城市火灾事故案例进行全面调查、统计和分类分析的基础上,提出一种城市火灾案例特征属性的表示框架,对特征属性进行了层次化和结构化,同时对属性值的取值进行较为科学而严格的定义,进而应用混合相似度度量方法和粗糙-模糊集方法提炼案例中蕴涵的灭火救援知识,给出一种灭火救援辅助决策过程模型;通过查找最相似案例和案例库提炼出相关的灭火救援规则进行灭火救援辅助决策;成功进行了实例验证。该模型的建立可为城市火灾案例智能决策系统的研究提供参考。     

农村女性迁居城镇意愿状态的实证分析——以鄂州、黄石、仙桃三地为例

基于鄂州、黄石、仙桃三地年龄在18岁至45岁之间女性的4 318份实地调查问卷,建立二元Logistic模型,分析三地农村女性迁居城镇意愿状况及其影响因素。研究结果表明:52%的农村女性愿意迁居到城镇,而34.2%的农村女性不愿意迁居到城镇。受教育程度程度越高、年龄越小、未婚、非农收入较高的农村女性更倾向于迁居城市。同时,女性居住地所在区域作为环境外围因素对迁居选择也有重要影响。离大、中城市越近,城市文明影响越深的区域,农村女性迁居城镇意愿越强。值得注意的是,居住在农村集镇的女性,具有较高的迁居愿意,高于居住在县城或纯乡村区域的女性。在现阶段,户籍因素、是否有外出务工经历对女性的迁居意愿的影响不显著。女性迁居城镇意愿是农民工家庭彻底融入城市的关键因素。因此,建议大力提高农村女性受教育水平,加强农村女性的教育培训。同时,在公共政策制定和实施中,需增加农村女性平等竞争机会。     

石油化工储罐特性重要度的确定及应用研究

在计算石油化工储罐火灾扑救所需的消防力量时,引入储罐特性重要度的概念。通过分析影响石油化工储罐特性重要度的各个因素以及因素间的相互联系,构建了较合理的储罐特性重要度评价指标体系,并利用层次分析和多级模糊评价相结合的方法,确定储罐特性重要度系数。应用研究表明,在计算石油化工储罐火灾所需消防资源时,应考虑到储罐特性重要度对资源需求的影响。储罐特性重要度越大,对消防资源的需求就越大,在储罐发生火灾时调集的消防力量就越多。储罐特性重要度的确定为消防指挥员在扑救石油化工储罐火灾时调集合理的消防力量,提供了科学的决策依据。     

Water‐Yield Reduction After Afforestation and Related Processes in the Semiarid Liupan Mountains,Northwest China1

Abstract: The increase of coverage of forest/vegetation is imperative to improve the environment in dry‐land areas of China, especially for protecting soil against serious erosion and sandstorms. However, inherent severe water shortages, drought stresses, and increasing water use competition greatly restrict the reforestation. Notably, the water‐yield reduction after afforestation generates intense debate about the correct approach to afforestation and forest management in dry‐land areas. However, most studies on water‐yield reduction of forests have been at catchment scales, and there are few studies of the response of total evapotranspiration (ET) and its partitioning to vegetation structure change. This motivates us to learn the linkage between hydrological processes and vegetation structure in slope ecosystems. Therefore, an ecohydrological study was carried out by measuring the individual items of water balance on sloping plots covered by different vegetation types in the semiarid Liupan Mountains of northwest China. The ratio of precipitation consumed as ET was about 60% for grassland, 93% for shrubs, and >95% for forestland. Thus, the water yield was very low, site‐specific, and sensitive to vegetation change. Conversion of grassland to forest decreased the annual water yield from slope by 50‐100 mm. In certain periods, the plantations at lower slopes even consumed the runon from upper slopes. Reducing the density of forests and shrubs by thinning was not an efficient approach to minimize water use. Leaf area index was a better indicator than plant density to relate ET to vegetation structure and to evaluate the soil water carrying capacity for vegetation (i.e., the maximum amount of vegetation that can be supported by the available soil water for an extended time). Selecting proper vegetation types and plant species, based on site soil water condition, may be more effective than the forest density regulation to minimize water‐yield reduction by vegetation coverage increase and notably by reforestation. Finally, the focuses in future research to improve the forest‐water relations in dry‐land areas are recommended as follows: vegetation growth dynamics driven by environment especially water conditions, coupling of ecological and hydrological processes, further development of distributed ecohydrological models, quantitative relation of eco‐water quota of ecosystems with vegetation structures, multi‐scaled evaluation of soil water carrying capacity for vegetation, and the development of widely applicable decision support tools.     

Titanium dioxide mediated photocatalytic degradation of 17beta-estradiol in aqueous solution

Photocatalytic degradation of 17beta-estradiol (E2) in aqueous medium mediated with titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) was studied. Moreover, effect of TiO(2) dosage on the degradation efficiency was investigated. Particular attention was paid to the identification of intermediates and analysis of photocatalytic degradation mechanism of E2 under neutral and alkaline conditions. The degradation efficiency of E2 increased with increasing concentration of TiO(2) but decreased due to light scattering as TiO(2) concentration was greater than 0.5mgml(-1). Several intermediates were formed during photocatalytic degradation of E2. However, only a few of the compounds could be identified and confirmed by LC-MS and LC-MS/MS. Six intermediates were observed by photocatalytic oxidation under alkaline conditions, namely 2-hydroxyestradiol, 10epsilon-17beta-dihydroxy-1,4-estradien-3-one (DEO), 10epsilon-hydroperoxide-17beta-hydroxy-1,4-estradien-3-one and three kinds of dicarboxylic acids formed by the opening of aromatic ring. In addition to the six intermediates mentioned above, 17beta-hydroxy-1,4-estradien-3-one (EO) was observed under neutral conditions and in the presence of methanol. Based on these intermediates, which were hardly degraded even after E2 was fully degraded, the mechanism of E2 degradation by TiO(2) photocatalysis was elucidated.     

Adsorption of Acid Red 73 on copper dithiocarbamate precipitate-type solid wastes

Three solid wastes, copper N,N'-bis(dithiocarboxy)piperazine ([CuBDP](n)), copper diethyldithiocarbamate (Cu(DDTC)(2)) and copper dimethyldithiocarbamate (Cu(DMTC)(2)), were prepared and tested as adsorbents to remove Acid Red 73 from wastewater. It was found that the three precipitates all could effectively adsorb the dye but their adsorption abilities were rather different. The maximum adsorption amounts of the coordination polymer precipitate [CuBDP](n) reached as high as 364mg g(-1), much greater than those of Cu(DDTC)(2) and Cu(DMTC)(2) (42.9 and 37.8mg g(-1), respectively). The investigation of adsorption models showed these adsorption processes followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation and the adsorption balances could be described with both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, but the latter seemed to be more suitable. Their adsorption nature was inferred to be physical adsorption and mainly depended on the hydrophobic interaction between these precipitates and Acid Red 73. This is the first example for the reutilization of metal dithiocarbamate precipitates as solid wastes to date.     

Environmental impact of aquaculture and countermeasures to aquaculture pollution in China

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Aquaculture activities are well known to be the major contributor to the increasing level of organic waste and toxic compound in the aquaculture industry. Along with the development of intensive aquaculture in China, concerns are evoked about the possible effects of ever-increasing aquaculture waste both on productivity inside the aquaculture system and on the ambient aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, it is apparent that appropriate waste treatment processes are needed for sustaining aquaculture development. This review aims at identifying the current status of aquaculture and aquaculture waste production in China. MAIN FEATURES: China is the world's largest fishery nation in terms of total seafood production volume, a position it has maintained continuously since 1990. Freshwater aquaculture is a major part of the Chinese fishery industry. Marine aquaculture in China consists of both land-based and offshore aquaculture, with the latter mostly operated in shallow seas, mud flats and protected bays. The environmental impacts of aquaculture are also striking. RESULTS: Case studies on pollution hot spots caused by aquaculture have been introduced. The quality and quantity of waste from aquaculture depends mainly on culture system characteristics and the choice of species, but also on feed quality and management. Wastewater without treatment, if continuously discharged into the aquatic environment, could result in remarkable elevation of the total organic matter contents and cause considerable economy lost. Waste treatments can be mainly classified into three categories: physical, chemical and biological methods. DISCUSSION: The environmental impacts of different aquaculture species are not the same. New waste treatments are introduced as references for the potential development of the waste treatment system in China. The most appropriate waste treatment system for each site should be selected according to the sites' conditions and financial status as well as by weighing the advantages and disadvantages of each system. Strategies and perspectives for sustainable aquaculture development are proposed, with the emphasis on environmental protection. CONCLUSIONS: Negative effects of waste from aquaculture to aquatic environment are increasingly recognized, though they were just a small proportion to land-based pollutants. Properly planned use of aquaculture waste alleviates water pollution problems and not only conserves valuable water resources but also takes advantage of the nutrients contained in effluent. It is highly demanding to develop sustainable aquaculture which keeps stocking density and pollution loadings under environmental capacity. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: The traditional procedures for aquaculture waste treatment, mainly based on physical and chemical means, should be overcome by more site-specific approaches, taking into account the characteristics and resistibility of the aquatic environment. Further research needs to improve or optimize the current methods of wastewater treatment and reuse. Proposed new treatment technology should evaluate their feasibility at a larger scale for practical application.     

典型矿业城市农田土壤重金属含量的空间结构特征——以辽宁省阜新市为例

运用地统计学方法对阜新市矿业密集区周围农田土壤重金属含量的空间结构特征进行了定量描述,并探讨了研究区域内重金属空间结构的主要影响因素.结果表明:研究区域农田土壤中As、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn等6种重金属元素的实验变异函数理论模型拟合效果较好,决定系数均达到0.01显著性水平;各重金属变程较大,除As以外均出现明显的漂移;变异函数的块金效应明显,空间相关性属中等,显示小尺度上受人为干扰的影响较大;除Ni的空间结构表现为各向同性以外,其余5种重金属均表现出明显的方向性特点;除土壤母质因素外,研究区域内以矿业和城市活动为主的人为干扰是影响农田重金属空间结构的重要原因.