石油及其它有机污染的生物治理法

生物治理法作为治理有机污染物的有效途径已受到国内有关方面的广泛重视。现在跨行业、跨部门的各有关单位人员，从各个不同角度阐述了当今世界石油污染生物治理的现状。其中心是选择使用或培养有强降解能力的微生物进而达到彻底治理污染的目的。使用方法包括微生物法和微生物生态法。生物治理法的优点是：操作简便、处理费用低、效果好、对环境无污染、可以就地处理等。     

炼油污水处理油泥减量化装置设计与调试

在炼油企业危废处理费用不断增加的情况下,为了最大限度降低危废量,设计了一套浮渣、油泥减量化装置,并进行调试分析.该装置使油泥、浮渣含水率大幅降低,危废量大幅下降,减少了危废处理费,经济和社会效益显著.     

1961-2007年期间南宁紫外线辐射的变化趋势及其与皮肤癌发病相关分析

采用2002年9月至2005年10月逐日太阳总辐射、云量、太阳天顶角、臭氧、水汽压、空气污染物和紫外线辐射资料,建立了基于气象要素推算紫外线曝辐量的模型;采用该模型重建1961-2007逐日紫外线曝辐量资料,从年、春、夏、秋、冬不同尺度分析重建序列的特征;采用1991-2003年皮肤癌发病人数资料,分析紫外线曝辐量与各类皮肤癌发病人数相关性;对未来紫外线变化进行展望。主要结论有:1961-2007年,南宁紫外线曝辐量年平均日值为95.83 W.h/m2;绝对变率以夏季最大,相对变率以冬季最大,秋季绝对变率和相对变率均最小;年平均和春、夏、秋季紫外线曝辐量有微弱的下降趋势,冬季下降趋势明显;突变主要发生在1970 s中后期至1980 s初期和1990 s初期;年和各季最显著的周期是准7年,夏季还有明显的11年周期;1991-2003年鳞状细胞癌发病人数与紫外线曝辐量相关显著;基底细胞癌、鳞状细胞癌、恶性黑色瘤3种皮肤癌均好发于高紫外线辐射时间;展望2050年以前紫外线变化情况,认为:偏高年份可能在2017、2031、2045年附近,偏低年份可能在2010、2024、2038年附近。     

海上固定导管架式平台的振动安全检测及治理

介绍了埕岛油田海上固定导管架式平台的振动安全检测方法,重点对振动隐患治理的程序和方法进行了探讨.     

中国降水量区域变化稳定性研究

利用中国气象中心160站点的实际观察资料,对中国半个世纪的降水变化进行了系统分析,发现中国的夏季降水变化稳定性有显著的纬度与海拔效应:纬度越高,方差值越小,降水变化的幅度也越小,稳定性越大;从海拔来看,海拔越高,降水稳定性越好,降水量的变化稳定性与海拔是成反相关关系.除过受区域水汽来源稳定性的影响,主要受全球降水稳定性的分布规律所制约;在海拔上,降水量稳定性的分布,除过受水汽来源影响外,还与水汽凝结的高度效应有一定的关系.     

污泥农用中的资源利用价值分析

以奥地利的基本情况为主,对污泥中的有效成分有机物、氮、磷等进行量化分析和总结,同时对污泥农用的经济效益及生态安全性的保障进行了分析和探讨。在此基础上,结合我国目前污泥处理处置现状,对相关问题进行了分析,以期为我国污泥处理处置提供借鉴作用,实现污泥可持续的发展与利用。     

附着剑菌对三氯联苯的吸附及降解机制研究

实验研究附着剑菌(Ensifer adhaerens.R2)对持久性有机污染物三氯联苯(2,4,4′-TCB,PCB28)的去除机制,探究菌株对2,4,4′-TCB的生物吸附和生物降解作用,以及其随时间、pH值、温度、菌体密度、金属离子(Ca2+、Mg2+)的变化.灭活菌体对PCBs的去除机制为生物吸附,吸附率在2h基本达到平衡,为85.97%;活体菌株可以通过生物吸附及生物降解作用去除2,4,4′-TCB,在本次实验周期内主要以吸附作用为主,2h吸附率为60.59%,明显高于降解率的12.90%.单因素条件下,pH值为6.0、35℃、OD为0.8、添加1mol/L的Ca2+、Mg2+处理可使活菌对2,4,4′-TCB的吸附达到最优;pH值为7.5,30℃,添加0.05mol/L的Ca2+、Mg2+处理可使活菌对2,4,4′-TCB的降解达到最优.     

基于BP神经网络水质模型的城市安全距离研究——以芜湖和马鞍山为例

快速的城镇化使城市间距不断减小,上下游城市间水质的相互影响愈发显著.本研究提出基于水质的城市安全距离概念,建立基于BP神经网络水质模型的城市安全距离量化方法,并选择长江沿岸相邻的芜湖、马鞍山两市为案例,评估未来两市建成区扩张后城市间距的安全性,计算两市建成区的最小安全距离.结果显示,2020年芜湖与马鞍山4.6km的间距属于安全距离,能够保证下游城市马鞍山上游控制断面地表II类的水功能要求.但与2010年相比,控制断面水质变差,COD与氨氮浓度分别提高了29.2%与23.2%.为了保证控制断面的水功能要求,芜湖与马鞍山两市的最小安全距离为3.2km.     

Measurement of metal bioaccessibility in vegetables to improve human exposure assessments: field study of soil–plant–atmosphere transfers in urban areas,South China

The quality of cultivated consumed vegetables in relation to environmental pollution is a crucial issue for urban and peri-urban areas, which host the majority of people at the global scale. In order to evaluate the fate of metals in urban soil–plant–atmosphere systems and their consequences on human exposure, a field study was conducted at two different sites near a waste incinerator (site A) and a highway (site B). Metal concentrations were measured in the soil, settled atmospheric particulate matter (PM) and vegetables. A risk assessment was performed using both total and bioaccessible metal concentrations in vegetables. Total metal concentrations in PM were (mg kg^?1): (site A) 417 Cr, 354 Cu, 931 Zn, 6.3 Cd and 168 Pb; (site B) 145 Cr, 444 Cu, 3289 Zn, 2.9 Cd and 396 Pb. Several total soil Cd and Pb concentrations exceeded China’s Environmental Quality Standards. At both sites, there was significant metal enrichment from the atmosphere to the leafy vegetables (correlation between Pb concentrations in PM and leaves: r = 0.52, p < 0.05) which depended on the plant species. Total Cr, Cd and Pb concentrations in vegetables were therefore above or just under the maximum limit levels for foodstuffs according to Chinese and European Commission regulations. High metal bioaccessibility in the vegetables (60–79 %, with maximum value for Cd) was also observed. The bioaccessible hazard index was only above 1 for site B, due to moderate Pb and Cd pollution from the highway. In contrast, site A was considered as relatively safe for urban agriculture.     

Feedforward control for nitrogen removal in a pilot-scale anaerobic-anoxic-oxic plant for municipal wastewater treatment

To improve the efficiency of nitrogen removal with lower energy consumption, the study of feedforward control was carried out on a pilot-scale anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (AAO) plant for the treatment of municipal wastewater. The effluent qualities of the pilot plant under different control strategies were investigated. The results indicated that the change of external recycle was not a suitable approach to regulate the sludge concentration of plug-flow reactors; adjusting the aeration valve and dissolved oxygen set-point according to ammonia load could overcome the impact of influent fluctuation; and the denitrification potential could be estimated based on the transit time of anoxic zone and the relative content of carbon resource entering the anoxic zone. Simple feedforward control strategies for aeration and internal recycle were subsequently proposed and validated. The nitrogen removal was successfully improved in the pilot plant. The effluent total nitrogen had decreased by 29.9% and was steadily controlled below 15 mg·L^-1. Furthermore, approximately 38% of the energy for aeration had been saved.