香料生产废水的生化处理研究

某合成洋茉莉醛香料厂的生产废水中含有香料、香料副产品、降解物以及原辅材料,具有CODcr浓度高、水质波动大以及水中污染物成分复杂等特点,属于典型的高浓度难降解有机废水,而该厂现有的废水处理工艺不仅流程长、费用高且出水难以达到GB8978—1996一级排放标准。本文采用活性污泥法及MBR工艺研究了洋茉莉醛香料废水的处理效果及其影响因素,并结合GC—MS对降解产物进行了分析。试验结果表明：采用本文方法对洋茉莉醛香料废水有较好的降解作用,可经较少的步骤处理实现达标排放。     

非均相类Fenton试剂的制备及其在焦化废水处理中的应用研究

利用浸渍法,将Fe3＋负载在经酸碱改性后的粉状活性炭上,当浸渍液浓度为2．5％,固化温度为270℃时,制成的催化剂催化活性较高。用自制的非均相类benton试剂降解焦化废水,通过正交试验和极差分析得出,影响因素的主次顺序为催化剂用量〉初始pH值〉反应时间〉H：0：投加量。结果表明,在100ml水样中。室温条件下,初始pH值为4．0,催化剂使用量为1．5g,H20：投加量为5ml（分两次投加）,反应时间为90min时,COD去除率可达99％。采用混凝＋化学沉淀＋非均相类Fenton试剂法处理焦化废水,各主要出水水质指标为：色度lO倍;COD浓度38．5mg／L;氨氮浓度8．4mg／L,达到国家一级排放标准。     

厦门石兜-坂头水库水体营养状态综合评价及变化趋势分析

以水质监测资料为基础,采用综合营养状态指数法（TLI法）和线性插值评分法（SCO法）2种模式,相互印证并综合评价2008．5—2011．6厦门石兜-坂头水库库区水体营养状态。应用Daniel的趋势检验,对评价时段内水库水体营养状态和水质参数（总氮、总磷以及氮磷浓度比）变化趋势进行分析。结果表明：2008年5月-2011年6月期间,石兜-坂头水库水体营养状态为中营养至轻-中度富营养;在此评价期内,总磷、总氮、氮磷比值趋势变化不显著;水体营养状态变化趋势也没有显著意义,始终在中营养至（轻-中度）富营养状态区间波动。水库周边环境及水质的监管措施能否及时到位是影响库区水体营养状态变化的关键。     

汶川地震余震地震动衰减关系研究

2008年汶川8.0级特大地震发生后,又发生了多次余震,震区的固定台站和流动台站因此获取了上万条MS3.3～6.4级地震动观测记录。地震记录显示这些余震的震中距和震级分布比较均匀,为建立地震动衰减关系奠定了较好的数据基础。本文基于汶川地震MS3.3～6.4震级范围内、震中距小于150 km区域范围的余震观测数据进行了统计回归分析,建立了汶川地震余震(MS≤6.4)的衰减关系模型,并对地震动加速度峰值(PGA)给出了具体的衰减关系表达式。     

河流健康评估的研究与应用进展研究

自20世纪50年代以来,河流健康越来越受到社会的广泛关注。河流健康的概念、评估方法、范围、内容和指标体系得到不断拓展和完善。目前常用的两类河流健康评估方法是综合指标评估法和指示生物评估法。综合指标评估法采用河流水文、水质、生态系统等多个指标,能较全面地反映河流生态系统的健康状况,但是存在指标数量不易精简、部分指标难以量化等不足支出。在实际应用中更为常用的是指示生物评估法,采用鱼类、大型无脊椎动物、浮游藻类等指示生物的动态变化反映河流健康状况,方法更为简单直观。     

试论加强环境保护对促进人与自然和谐发展的影响

人与自然的关系,一直是人类关注的焦点。人类对于自身在自然界的地位以及二者之间关系的认识经历了漫长而曲折的过程。大家都非常重视人与自然的和谐相处。随着生产力的发展,人类对自然的征服力量越来越强,但人类从未停止对自然界的保护。党的十六届四中全会提出的构建社会主义和谐社会,不仅对人与人、人与社会的和谐提出了要求,还包括人与自然的和谐共处。显然,人与自然的和谐已成为构建和谐社会的有机组成部分。     

Supercritical water oxidation of polyvinyl alcohol and desizing wastewater：Influence of NaOH on the organic decomposition

Polyvinyl alcohol is a refractory compound widely used in industry. Here we report supercritical water oxidation of polyvinyl alcohol solution and desizing wastewater with and without sodium hydroxide addition. However, it is difficult to implement complete degradation of organics even though polyvinyl alcohol can readily crack under supercritical water treatment. Sodium hydroxide had a significant catalytic effect during the supercritical water oxidation of polyvinyl alcohol. It appears that the OH ion participated in the C-C bond cleavage of polyvinyl alcohol molecules, the CO2-capture reaction and the neutralization of intermediate organic acids, promoting the overall reactions moving in the forward direction. Acetaldehyde was a typical intermediate product during reaction. For supercritical water oxidation of desizing wastewater, a high destruction rate (98.25%) based on total organic carbon was achieved. In addition, cases where initial wastewater was alkaline were favorable for supercritical water oxidation treatment, but salt precipitation and blockage issues arising during the process need to be taken into account seriously.     

西安市再生水利用存在问题及预测分析研究

污水作为一种稳定可靠、再生利用的水资源,经深度处理后可用作工业冷却水、城市杂用水、河流景观补充水及农业灌溉等方面。合理开发和利用再生水是解决水资源缺乏的有效途径。本文通过深入调查、分析西安市再生水利用现状,找出再生水利用率低的原因,提出针对性措施,并对防治对策进行定量分析,预测2015年西安市“污水再生利用率”为30．6％,可达到20％的国家考核要求。     

酸性水汽提及硫磺回收工艺的研究及应用研究

文章主要通过对酸性水气体及硫磺回收工艺特点的介绍与比选,着重分析“无在线炉硫磺回收及尾气处理工艺”（SSR）,其中硫回收为一段高温转化,二级催化转化的克劳斯工艺,尾气处理为加氢还原一吸收工艺,并介绍原辅材料成分及处理效率。该工艺能够有效解决石化企业的酸性气及酸水排放问题,具有良好的社会、环境效益显著。     

Regional crop yield, water consumption and water use efficiency and their responses to climate change in the North China Plain

The North China Plain (NCP) is one of the most important regions for food production in China, with its agricultural system being significantly affected by the undergoing climate change and vulnerable with water stress. In this study, the Vegetation Interface Processes (VIP) model is used to evaluate crop yield, water consumption (ET), and water use efficiency (WUE) of a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–summer maize (Zea mays L.) double cropping system in the NCP from 1951 to 2006. Their responses to future climate scenarios of 21st century projected by the GCM (HadCM3) with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emission Scenario (IPCC SRES) A2 and B1 emissions are investigated. The results show a rapid enhancement of crop yield in the past 56 years, accompanying with slight increment of ET and noticeable improvement of WUE. There exist spatial patterns of crop yield stemmed mainly from soil quality and irrigation facilities. For climate change impacts, it is found that winter wheat yield will significantly increase with the maximum increment in A2 occurring in 2070s with a value of 19%, whereas the maximum in B1 being 13% in 2060s. Its ET is slightly intensified, which is less than 6%, under both A2 and B1 scenarios, giving rise to the improvement of WUE by 10% and 7% under A2 and B1 scenarios, respectively. Comparatively, summer maize yield will gently decline by 15% for A2 and 12% for B1 scenario, respectively. Its ET is obviously increasing since 2050s with over 10% relative change, leading to a lower WUE with more than 25% relative change under both scenarios in 2090s. Therefore, possible adaptation countermeasures should be developed to mitigate the negative effects of climate change for the sustainable development of agro-ecosystems in the NCP.