Displacement and sweep efficiencies in a DNAPL recovery test using micellar and polymer solutions injected in a five-spot pattern

Soil washing with micellar solutions is a promising alternative for the remediation of DNAPL source zones. As with any flushing technology, the success of soil washing with micellar solutions depends in a very large part on the ability of the solution to contact the contaminant (sweep efficiency) and then on the efficiency of contaminant removal once this contact is made (displacement efficiency). We report here on a field test where a micellar solution was used to recover a DNAPL in an open five-spot pattern in which polymer solutions were also injected before and after the washing solution to improve sweep efficiency. The washing solution formulation was optimised in the laboratory prior to the test to obtain good dissolution capacity. For a high-concentration and low-volume soil flushing remediation test such as the one performed (0.8 pore volumes of actual washing solution injected), slug sizing of the washing solution is critical. It was evaluated by an analytical solution. In a five-spot pattern, the displacement efficiency of the washing solution was observed to vary in the porous medium as a function of the radial distance from the injection well because: (1) the volume of the washing solution flowing through a section of the test cell changes (maximum close to the injection well and minimal at the pumping wells); (2) the in situ velocity changes (maximum at the wells and minimum between the wells) and; (3) the contact time of the washing solution with the NAPL changes as a function of the distance from the injection well. The relative importance of the recovery mechanisms, mobilisation and dissolution, was also observed to vary in the test cell. The reduced velocity increased the contact time of the washing solution with the DNAPL enhancing its dissolution, but the decrease of the capillary number caused less mobilisation. The washing process is much more extensive around the injection well. The use of an injection-pumping pattern allowing a complete sweep of the remediated area is essential. Following a comprehensive characterisation, modeling is an efficient tool to design the injection-pumping scheme and to optimise injection and pumping rates providing the best areal sweep. The vertical sweep can be controlled by using a polymer solution (Xanthan gum). The polymer solution also has a positive effect on front stability between the solutions injected. The injection rate of the polymer solution that follows the washing solution must be kept minimal initially to prevent dilution of the washing solution by fingering.     

用丙二醇碳酸酯对膨润土进行活化的研究

膨润土及其产品GCL正广泛应用于城市垃圾填埋场的防渗系统中。但是膨润土的膨胀性能在成分复杂的液体(如渗滤液)中会大幅下降,从而直接影响防渗效果。在分析中,利用丙二醇碳酸酯对钠基膨润土进行活化,提高其耐化学性,并分析了其性能改善的机理。     

白腐菌在固体培养基下对吲哚和吡啶的降解

研究了稻草秆粉介质中白腐菌对吲哚和吡啶的降解.实验结果表明,质量浓度分别为200、80 mg/L左右的吲哚可被白腐菌去除99%以上,质量浓度为74 mg/L吡啶的去除率为61.5%;白腐菌在稻草秆粉培养体系中对吲哚和吡啶的降解,符合零级反应动力学,其中反应速率常数K(高浓度吲哚)＞K(低浓度吲哚)＞K(吡啶);高低浓度吲哚和吡啶3个降解体系的漆酶活力在第6天达到最大;漆酶在吲哚和吡啶降解过程中起着较重要的作用,但酶活的变化与吲哚和吡啶的相对去除率不呈线性相关,稻草秆粉培养基中的介质和培养环境在降解过程中可能也起着重要作用.     

1985年以来我国重大水体突发污染事件及在线生物监测的必要性分析

通过查阅和检索公开报道的期刊、报纸和网络,统计分析我国1985以来水体突发污染事件。1985—2015年间,我国水体突发污染事件年均发生数量总体变化呈现先动态增长后逐渐下降的趋势,其中2006年为水体突发性污染事件发生频次的转折点。导致水体突发性污染的主要原因包括企业违规排放、企业事故性泄漏、交通事故、自然因素和人为投毒等,污染方式多样。水体突发性污染的污染物种类包括化学品、污水(工业废水和生活污水)、油类、农药、重金属、生物污染物和其他不明污染物。鉴于水体突发性污染事件污染方式的多样性和污染物的复杂性,采用在线生物监测技术可实现对水体突发性污染事件在线监测与分析预警,已成为当前监测和评价水体突发污染事件有效手段。     

钛基燃烧催化剂的抗硫性能

本文研究了钛基非贵金属燃烧催化剂的硫中毒过程及载体吸硫特性。结果表明,催化剂的抗硫能力与载体吸硫量有关,不同催化剂的抗硫性能为:Cat.3>Cat.4>Cat.5>Cat.1>Cat.2,本文还讨论了硫中毒机理。     

城市室内环境多环芳烃污染与源的相关性

本实验选择了天津市４类典型室内环境和２处室外对照点，共１９个采样点。现场采样测定了１０种ＰＡＨｓ组成含量。结果显示，室内燃煤和室内吸烟是室内环境中多环芳烃排放的主要污染源。同作为对照的室外大气中多环芳烃组成和含量进行了对比，研究了室内环境不同污染源排放多环芳烃组成和含量的特征性。提出了室内燃煤污染同燃煤型室外大气源排放多环芳烃具有相似组成含量特征，而室内烟草烟雾污染源的多环芳烃组成含量特征则与室外     

溶剂气浮分离法的基础研究

本文研究了待分离物呈表面活性物系（甲基橙－十六烷基氯化吡啶、十六烷基氯化吡啶）和呈疏水性物系（铜－二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠、镍－丁二酮肟）的溶液气浮变化规律。红外光谱分析表明，分离效率的高低与有机相和气浮分离物相互作用的强弱不相关。通过高速摄影及计算证明，水相和有机相两相界面间的稳定的气泡层存在，它一方面使待分离物质在水相中的停留时间在大增加，另一方面又保护了已捕集的待分离物质，从而增加了气泡吸附总     

自然保护区生态旅游管理规划的基本原则

针对在自然保护区发展生态旅游存在许多问题，诸如自然环境破坏、自然资源匮乏、环境污染、生物多样性减少、管理不完善等问题，提出了在自然保护区发展生态旅游的基本原则。     

天津污灌区耕作土壤中多环芳烃的纵向分布

研究了天津污灌区土壤剖面中多环芳烃含量的分布特征，几个代表性样点的研究表明，天津市郊水稻田中PAHs含量最高，菜地含量居次，高粱地含量最低。PAHs总含量在土壤剖面的纵向分布总体上是随着土壤剖面的加深而降低。由于长期污水的淹灌作用，水稻田中PAHs含量出现了局部异常高值。用萘(Nap)、菲(Phe)和苯并[a]芘(Bap)作为高低环组分的代表物质分析PAHs在土壤剖面的分布规律，发现Nap、Phe和Bap的含量在纵向剖面上变化趋势基本相同，总体上含量随着剖面的加深而降低。比较单个组分含量在土壤剖面中的变化，在犁底层以下，Bap的含量基本上低于检测限，而Nap的含量在整个土壤剖面中均高于Bap。PAHs含量在土壤剖面上的分布主要受其物理化学性质、土壤中有机碳和粘粒含量的影响。     

Experimental assessment of sensory modalities of coral-reef fish larvae in the recognition of their settlement habitat

One of the great mysteries of coral-reef fish ecology is how larvae locate the relatively rare patches of coral-reef habitat on which they settle. The present study aimed to estimate, by experiments in aquaria, the sensory modalities of coral-reef fish larvae for senses used in searching for their species settlement habitat. Larval recognition of settlement habitat can be based on the detection of conspecifics and/or of characteristics of coral habitat using visual, chemical and mechanical cues. For this study, larvae were captured with crest nets and were then introduced into experimental tanks that allowed testing of each type of cue separately (visual, chemical or mechanical cues). Among the 18 species studied, 13 chose their settlement habitat due to the presence of conspecifics and not based on the characteristics of coral habitat, and 5 species did not move toward their settlement habitat (e.g. Scorpaenodes parvipinnis, Apogon novemfasciatus). Among the different sensory cues tested, two species used the three types of cues (Parupeneus barberinus and Ctenochaetus striatus: visual, chemical and mechanical cues), six used two types (e.g. Myripristis pralinia: visual and chemical cues; Naso unicornis: visual and mechanical cues), and five used one type (e.g. Chrysiptera leucopoma: visual cues; Pomacentrus pavo: chemical cues). These results demonstrate that many coral-reef fish larvae could in practice use sensory cues for effective habitat selection at settlement, and have the ability to discriminate species-specific sensory cues.Communicated by J. Krause