Mechanism and catalytic performance for direct dimethyl ether synthesis by CO2 hydrogenation over CuZnZr/ferrierite hybrid catalyst

Direct synthesis of dimethyl ether(DME) by CO₂ hydrogenation has been investigated over three hybrid catalysts prepared by different methods:co-precipitation,sol-gel,and solid grinding to produce mixed Cu,ZnO,ZrO₂ catalysts that were physically mixed with a commercial ferrierite(FER) zeolite.The catalysts were characterized by N₂ physisorption,X-ray diffraction(XRD),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),temperature programmed...     

Effect of NOx and SO2 on the photooxidation of methylglyoxal: Implications in secondary aerosol formation

Methylglyoxal(CH₃COCHO,MG),which is one of the most abundant α-dicarbonyl compounds in the atmosphere,has been reported as a major source of secondary organic aerosol(SOA).In this work,the reaction of MG with hydroxyl radicals was studied in a 500 L smog chamber at(293±3) K,atmospheric pressure,(18±2)% relative humidity,and under different NOx and SO₂.Particle size distribution was measured by using a scanning mobility particle sizer(SMPS) and the results showed that the ad...     

不同粒径聚乙烯微粒对大型溞的生物毒性效应

微塑料污染已经受到了国内外研究者的广泛关注,但研究热点多集中于海洋微塑料及其生物学效应,对淡水生物潜在影响的研究还很有限。本文选择淡水模式动物大型溞（Daphnia magna）作为受试生物,以2 μm、20 μm和50 μm聚乙烯微粒（polyethylene,PE）作为研究对象,探讨不同尺度微塑料对大型溞的急性活动抑制效应。结果表明,3种粒径的微塑料均可被大型溞摄入,并在肠道中积累,造成大型溞的活动抑制,并可能影响其脂类代谢;水中高浓度的PE微粒可粘附在大型溞体表,限制其活动,影响其摄食。在5~80 mg/L浓度范围内,2 μm PE微粒对大型溞的抑制率呈现线性增长趋势（96 h的EC₅₀为50.86 mg/L）;而20 μm和50 μm的PE微粒的抑制率随暴露浓度的增加呈现倒"U"形曲线。暴露48 h后,3种PE微粒的LOEC值分别为60、20和5 mg/L,即随粒径增大,毒性效应增加。粒径大小是影响大型溞摄入和积累微塑料的重要因素之一。本文结果为深入理解微塑料对淡水浮游动物的毒性效应提供了基础数据和理论依据。     

生物活性炭机理的实验研究及理论探讨

生物活性炭是70年代发展起来的一种新型水处理工艺。由于它在发挥活性炭物理吸附的同时,充分利用炭床中生长的微生物对有机物的生物降解作用,可延长活性炭寿命,降低水处理成本。可以近二十年来在其机理研究以及应用方面有很快发展。     

直接进样石墨炉原子吸收法测定动物脏器中微量铅

本文描述了一种直接进样原子吸收测定动物脏器中微量铅的方法。动物脏器被预先捣碎至一定微粒,然后配置成悬浊液直接被注入石墨原子化器进行分析。由于不经过样品消解、分离与富集等操作,铅损失的可能性大大减小。整个过程几乎不用其他化学试剂,因而可避免因使用化学试剂而带进的污染。实验中研究了颗粒度、石墨炉工作温度等因素对结果的影响。用该法对几种动物脏器的分析证明,方法的分析精度可达3.5—8.6％,加入回收率在90—108％之间。本法可作为一种测定动物样品中痕量金属元素的快速、简便的分析方法。     

基于RIAM模型的生态旅游开发环境影响评价研究

RIAM (Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix)是进行环境影响快速识别的半定量评价方法,能综合考虑项目对自然环境-生物生态-社会文化-经济发展的影响,评价过程较传统评价方法更为透明公开.以武夷山生态旅游开发项目为例,应用RIAM模型进行生态环评,可以明确地表达项目的综合环境影响,使各种替代方案环境影响对比清晰明了,且还能快速判断出生态旅游开发的主要负环境影响排序.RIAM环评方法使环评过程透明,环评结果表达直观,能更好服务于环境决策和管理.     

电沉积处理含镉废水的性能研究

电沉积含镉废水考察溶液的不同初始p H、镉的不同初始浓度、电流密度及金属配合物对电沉积效果的影响,利用SEM和XRD对沉积物的表面形貌和物相成分进行分析,研究沉积物金属的存在形式。实验结果表明,p H在1.5~3.5时,溶液中镉的去除效果达到99.3%;一级动力学常数随着初始镉溶液浓度增加而变大;当电流密度为4.46 m A/cm2进行90 min电沉积时反应速率较快且沉积量最大;氨水与镉形成的配合物可以促进电沉积镉的反应速率;对电沉积后的沉积物进行扫描电镜(SEM)和X-射线衍射(XRD)测试。SEM表明,沉积物呈现树枝状的纳米结构。XRD表明,沉积物主要成分为氢氧化镉和镉。     

Changes in nitrogen budget and potential risk to the environment over 20 years (1990–2010) in the agroecosystems of the Haihe Basin,China

The nitrogen balance can serve as an indicator of the risk to the environment of nitrogen loss from agricultural land. To investigate the temporal and spatial changes in agricultural nitrogen application and its potential threat to the environment of the Haihe Basin in China, we used a database of county-level agricultural statistics to calculate agricultural nitrogen input, output, surplus intensity, and use efficiency. Chemical fertilizer nitrogen input increased by 51.7% from 1990 to 2000 and by 37.2% from 2000 to 2010, concomitant with increasing crop yields. Simultaneously, the nitrogen surplus intensity increased by 53.5% from 1990 to 2000 and by 16.5% from 2000 to 2010, presenting a continuously increased environmental risk. Nitrogen use efficiency decreased from 0.46 in 1990 to 0.42 in 2000 and remained constant at 0.42 in 2010, partly due to fertilizer composition and type improvement. This level indicates that more than half of nitrogen inputs are lost in agroecosystems. Our results suggest that although the improvement in fertilizer composition and types has partially offset the decrease in nitrogen use efficiency, the environmental risk has still increased gradually over the past 20 years, along with the increase in crop yields and nitrogen application. It is important to achieve a better nitrogen balance through more effective management to significantly reduce the environmental risk, decrease nitrogen surplus intensity, and increase nitrogen use efficiency without sacrificing crop yields.     

富里酸在土壤环境中的吸附研究

富里酸在土壤中的吸附影响着土壤肥力和土壤环境,本文比较了不同pH、离子强度下,富里酸对土壤环境吸附性能的影响,探究了高岭土对富里酸的吸附条件.结果表明吸附在高岭土上的富里酸可以改变高岭土的结构,与高岭土空白样相比,复合体的结构更加分散.高岭土的不同组分对富里酸的吸附容量不同,对富里酸不同官能团的亲和性也存在明显差异.富里酸在高岭土上的吸附及有机污染物在土壤环境中的吸附作用,与烷基、芳香基团呈正相关.     

气相分子吸收光谱法测定氨氮校准曲线斜率、截距参考值研究

主要阐述了气相分子吸收光谱法测定氨氮的校准曲线斜率、截距参考值的分析.文章收集了临安市环境监测站实验室自2012年以来气相分子吸收光谱法氨氮校准曲线制作的一系列原始数据,并通过数理统计方法对校准曲线、残余标准偏差、斜率扩展不确定度、截距扩展不确定度开展了详细讨论,得出气相分子吸收光谱法氨氮校准曲线截距a值、斜率b值实验室参考值.此结果对实验室分析人员判定氨氮项目校准曲线制作是否合格具有一定的参考价值.