环境介质中药物和个人护理品的潜在风险研究进展

药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)在环境介质中的残留物作为一种新型污染物在环境介质中的转归,逐渐成为环境工作者和公众密切关注的焦点.这些物质特殊的物化特性及其被大量使用的现状,给生态环境和人类健康带来一定的潜在风险.由PPCPs使用所引发的风险问题正在成为当前学术界所面临的研究方向之一.欧洲和美国已经开始了对PPCPs的风险评估研究,中国研究者仅对某些药物的分析检测方法进行了初步探索,对PPCPs的潜在风险研究还呈空白.从PPCPs的物化特性及其对环境介质的影响入手,对其潜在风险进行了分析,并介绍了目前国外PPCPs风险研究进展,以期为中国开展PPCPs的风险评估提供参考.     

空心莲子草入侵对土壤AM真菌生物量和群落结构的影响——以湖北省典型区域为例

土壤丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌具有维持植被稳定性和多样性的重要作用.为了解空心莲子草入侵过程中与AM真菌的相互作用,采用脂肪酸甲酯(FAMEs)和基于18S rDNA的PCR-DGGE方法对湖北咸宁、仙桃和武汉三地空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)入侵前后土壤AM真菌的生物量和群落结构进行了比较分析.结果发现,基于FAMEs表征的AM真菌生物量在空心莲子草入侵后变化不大,仅仙桃地区显著增加(P<0.05).尽管DGGE图谱显示咸宁、仙桃和武汉三地AM真菌优势类群的群落结构均发生了明显演替,但群落间物种组成差异的多样性指数βWH在2.55-2.73之间、群落多样性指数H′在1.22-1.38之间,变化均不大.结果表明,空心莲子草入侵所形成的植物更替明显改变了AM真菌优势类群的结构,但对AM真菌的生物量和多样性影响很小.     

Construction and application of the Synechocystis sp. PCC6803-ftnA in microbial contamination control in a coupled cultivation and wastewater treatment

Inspired by iron fertilization experiments in HNLC (high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll) sea areas, we proposed the use of iron-rich engineered microalgae for microbial contaminant control in iron-free culture media. Based on the genome sequence and natural transformation system of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803, ftnA (encoding ferritin) was selected as our target gene and was cloned into wild-type Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. Tests at the molecular level confirmed the successful construction of the engineered Synechocystis sp. PCC6803-ftnA. After Fe^3 +-EDTA pulsing, the intracellular iron content of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803-ftnA was significantly enhanced, and the algae was used in the microbial contamination control system. In the coupled Synechocystis sp. PCC6803-ftnA production and municipal wastewater (MW, including Scenedesmus obliquus and Bacillus) treatment, Synechocystis sp. PCC6803-ftnA accounted for all of the microbial activity and significantly increased from 70% of the microbial community to 95%. These results revealed that while the stored iron in the Synechocystis sp. PCC6803-ftnA cells was used for growth and reproduction of this microalga in the MW, the growth of other microbes was inhibited because of the iron limitation, and these results provide a new method for microbial contamination control during a coupling process.     

厌氧消化1号模型(ADMl)的发展及其应用

国际水协(IWA)于2002年正式推出了厌氧消化1号模型(ADM1),其主要目的是建立一个厌氧工艺建模和模拟的通用平台,促进厌氧处理工艺技术的发展.近年来,ADMI在许多方面得到扩展,如包含硫酸盐还原、硝酸盐还原、产气及其释放的扩展等,这使ADM1更趋于完善.ADM1与其他污水处理数学模型结合的应用以及在分布参数模型中的应用是当前该模型应用的主要方面.有机物发酵的复杂性以及数量众多的模型动力学参数和组分都极人限制了该模型的广泛应用.     

Simplification of Pine Forests Due to Utilization by Tibetan Villages in Southwest China

In China, many rural communities depend upon forests to provide wood, fuel, fertilizer, animal bedding, and valuable non-timber forest products (NTFP). However, the degree to which forest resource extraction is compatible with new conservation aims is unclear because there is little information on the specific ecological effects of traditional forest collecting practices. Therefore, we compared the structure and floristics of Pinus densata forests exposed to three levels of resource extraction by Tibetan villages in northwest Yunnan: (1) a forest site protected from wood and timber removal, (2) moderately utilized forest sites exposed to traditional collecting practices, and (3) patches of highly utilized forest from which timber extraction is high in response to recent development pressures. The results show that understorey and cryptogamic species are reduced in all the utilized forest sites by comparison with the protected forest. However, the moderately utilized pine forests still provide good NTFP habitats by maintaining relatively high canopy covers, litter covers, and understorey structural complexity; this suggests that traditional forest resource use, while simplifying the forest, does not pose an increasing threat to pine forest integrity. By comparison, the highly utilized forests are transformed into open, herb-rich environments in which canopy covers and understorey complexity are depleted, and NTFP habitats are degraded. In the future it may be practical to enhance biodiversity by proscribing forest resource collection, but the immediate priority is to monitor the sustainability of forest utilization using indicators such as understorey development, litter cover, and cryptogamic richness.     

Effect of nitrate concentration on filamentous bulking under low level of dissolved oxygen in an airlift inner circular anoxic-aerobic incorporate reactor

This laboratory research investigated a possible cause of filamentous bulking under low level of dissolved oxygen conditions (dissolved oxygen value in aerobic zone maintained between 0.6-0.8 mgO2 /L) in an airlift inner-circular anoxic-aerobic reactor. During the operating period, it was observed that low nitrate concentrations affected sludge volume index significantly. Unlike the existing hypothesis, the batch tests indicated that filamentous bacteria (mainly Thiothrix sp.) could store nitrate temporarily under carbon restricted conditions. When nitrate concentration was below 4 mg/L, low levels of carbon substrates and dissolved oxygen in the aerobic zone stimulated the nitrate-storing capacity of filaments. When filamentous bacteria riched in nitrate reached the anoxic zone, where they were exposed to high levels of carbon but limited nitrate, they underwent denitrification. However, when nonfilamentous bacteria were exposed to similar conditions, denitrification was restrained due to their intrinsic nitrate limitation. Hence, in order to avoid filamentous bulking, the nitrate concentration in the return sludge (from aerobic zone to the anoxic zone) should be above 4 mg/L, or alternatively, the nitrate load in the anoxic zone should be kept at levels above 2.7 mg NO-3N/g SS.     

近断层地震动下预制拼装桥墩桥梁结构碰撞响应分析∗

为研究近断层地震下预制拼装桥墩桥梁结构的碰撞响应及影响碰撞的参数,基于 OpenSees 有限元分析软件,建立一座五跨预制拼装桥墩桥梁分析模型,选取 8 组近断层脉冲型地震动对桥梁进行非线性动力时程分析;探究了碰撞效应对桥梁地震响应的影响及节段数目、节段长度、初始预应力、接缝刚度等参数对桥梁碰撞效应的影响。结果表明：桥梁碰撞效应可以减小桥梁震时最大位移和震后残余位移,碰撞效应可以减小下部预制拼装桥墩地震中预应力筋的最大预应力、接缝最大竖向压力,但不能改变接缝水平剪力的大小;碰撞主要发生于桥梁中部伸缩缝处,中部伸缩缝碰撞力和碰撞次数均明显大于两侧边伸缩缝;增加预制拼装桥墩的节段数目可以减小桥梁的震时最大位移,但会增大桥梁的碰撞力和碰撞次数,其中 6 个节段时主梁中缝、左边缝和右边缝最大碰撞力比 3 个节段时分别增大约 38.8%、36.5% 和 33.3%;初始预应力的大小对桥梁碰撞效应影响较小;引入的系数 δ 可以有效控制桥墩干接缝的刚度,δ 增大时桥墩接缝刚度增大,接缝张开量减小,桥墩接缝耗能能力增强,桥梁碰撞力减小。     

地下水药物的赋存、源解析及运移机理

近年来,大量使用的医用和兽用药物可通过人体或动物的排泄、不合理的弃置等直接或间接途径迁移到地下水体中.残留在地下水中的药物经过长时间的富集,可能对水环境系统及人类的健康产生许多负面效应.为全面了解地下水中药物的污染现状并及时防治其对地下水的进一步污染,本文综述了地下水药物的赋存现状及其主要来源途径,总结了药物在地下的运移机理及其主要的影响因素.     

Preparation and characterization of activated carbon foam from phenolic resin

Activated carbon foam was successfully prepared from phenolic resin synthesized with phenol and formaldehyde under alkali condition. The influence of process variables, such as steam rate, carbonization temperature, carbonization time, activation temperature and activation time on the adsorption capacities of the activated carbon foam was studied. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the activated carbon foam with a specific surface area 727.62 m²/g was obtained. Moreover, the iodine value and carbon tetrachloride value of the activated carbon foam was 1050.28 mg/g and 401.37 mg/g, respectively. The pore size of the activated carbon foam was in the range of 3.5–5 nm which was determined through the N₂ adsorption test. In addition, the yield of the activated carbon foam was 36.24%. The result of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the activated carbon foam became honeycomb structure, and its pore wall was thinner and smoother compared to the unactivated carbon foam.