Implications of Upstream Flow Availability for Watershed Surface Water Supply across the Conterminous United States

Although it is well established that the availability of upstream flow (AUF) affects downstream water supply, its significance has not been rigorously categorized and quantified at fine resolutions. This study aims to fill this gap by providing a nationwide inventory of AUF and local water resource, and assessing their roles in securing water supply across the 2,099 8‐digit hydrologic unit code watersheds in the conterminous United States (CONUS). We investigated the effects of river hydraulic connectivity, climate variability, and water withdrawal, and consumption on water availability and water stress (ratio of demand to supply) in the past three decades (i.e., 1981–2010). The results show that 12% of the CONUS land relied on AUF for adequate freshwater supply, while local water alone was sufficient to meet the demand in another 74% of the area. The remaining 14% highly stressed area was mostly found in headwater areas or watersheds that were isolated from other basins, where stress levels were more sensitive to climate variability. Although the constantly changing water demand was the primary cause of escalating/diminishing stress, AUF variation could be an important driver in the arid south and southwest. This research contributes to better understanding of the significance of upstream–downstream water nexus in regional water availability, and this becomes more crucial under a changing climate and with intensified human activities.     

投入产出分析在可持续发展计划中的应用

如何在国民经济发展计划中体现资源环境因素的影响?如何用现实可行的方法制定出符合可持续发展要求的国民经济发展计划?是目前环境经济领域急待解决的问题。本文从物质平衡的角度,探讨可持续经济发展计划的研究方法。     

壬基酚对多刺裸腹溞连续世代的毒性效应

为探讨典型环境激素壬基酚(nonylphenol,NP)对枝角类浮游动物多刺裸腹溞连续世代的毒性效应,在实验室条件下,暴露连续3个世代(F0、F1、F2)多刺裸腹溞于0.02~0.10 mg·L-1的NP。15 d后测定成体死亡率、首胎繁殖时间、后代数目、成体蜕皮次数以及终点体长。研究结果表明,NP对F0代多刺裸腹溞具有很高的致死率;随着世代的增加,在相同NP质量浓度暴露下,与母代成体的死亡率相比,子代多刺裸腹溞成体的死亡率增高,致死毒性放大;NP对多刺裸腹溞连续3个世代的繁殖力都有显著抑制作用(P0.05),并随着世代递增,NP对子代繁殖力的抑制增强;在NP暴露下,多刺裸腹溞F0首胎繁殖时间明显推迟,NP暴露浓度与延迟程度呈正相关,呈现出剂量-效应关系,首胎繁殖时间延迟的趋势也存在于F1、F2世代中且存在放大效应;但是连续3个世代多刺裸腹溞成体的蜕皮次数都不受NP暴露影响;F0和F1世代多刺裸腹溞终点体长降低,并呈现明显的剂量-效应关系,但与F1相比,F2低浓度处理组受试个体终点体长呈增加趋势。对结果进行分析,认为多刺裸腹溞在NP暴露后的母代DNA或DNA完整性遭到破坏导致子代在相同NP质量浓度暴露下更容易受到NP致死性的影响;NP化合物具有的苯酚结构抑制枝角类体内葡萄糖、硫酸盐与类固醇的结合,从而引起体内荷尔蒙水平异常,最终对诸如生殖等生理行为造成不利影响;多刺裸腹溞成体的蜕皮次数都不受NP暴露影响表明蜕皮激素系统未受到干扰,且NP对生长的影响显然存在蜕皮外的其他作用机制。     

全氟辛烷羧酸(PFOA)与全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)的细胞毒性效应

新型污染物全氟辛烷羧酸(PFOA)与全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)在全球范围内的各种环境介质中被广泛检出,对生态安全和人体健康造成威胁。利用MTT(噻唑蓝)法研究了PFOA/PFOS对人体细胞的毒性效应。结果表明,低剂量PFOA和PFOS对人体正常肝细胞增殖具有显著毒性,其3 d半数抑制浓度(IC50值)分别约为5和0.5μg·L-1。此外,PFOA和PFOS均对MCF-7细胞增殖表现出显著的非单调剂量-毒性效应,并且在环境浓度范围(0.6μg·L-1)内均可促进MCF-7细胞增殖,表现出潜在的类雌激素作用风险。     

乙腈溶剂中单壁碳纳米管与常见有机化合物的相互作用

以单壁碳纳米管(SWCNTs)为固定相,采用高压匀浆法,制备HPLC色谱柱.测定乙腈相中18种有机化合物在SWCNTs色谱柱上的保留因子,研究SWCNTs与化合物的相互作用.结果表明,有机化合物取代基的种类和个数、杂原子的个数影响乙腈相中有机化合物与SWCNTs的相互作用.采用线性溶解能关系(LSER)定量表征SWCNTs与有机化合物的相互作用,所构建的LSER模型具有较强的拟合能力(R2=0.844)和稳健性(Q2LOO=0.768),发现π-/n-电子对作用和空穴/弥散作用是控制SWCNTs与有机化合物相互作用的主要因素.     

双酚A对斑马鱼成鱼肝脏功能基因转录调控的影响

运用实时定量即时聚合链式反应RT-PCR方法,研究了双酚A对斑马鱼成鱼肝脏的功能基因转录水平的影响。结果显示,28 d半静水暴露以后,FGF8A和STAU 2 表现出传统的正剂量—效应关系,CLDN 1和CALCA的表达为倒剂量—抑制效应关系,SP 4基因在15 μg·L^-1 双酚A时表现为显著抑制效应,但是在150 和1 500 μg·L^-1却表现为显著的诱导效应。 试验进一步探讨了这些表达异常的基因在双酚A干扰去除后能否自我调节和修复。结果显示,CLDN 1能恢复到正常表达水平,而其他4个基因在低剂量组却维持原来的高毒性作用水平甚至表现出更高的毒性作用。研究证明双酚A对斑马鱼成鱼肝脏的基因转录调控具有一定的非单调剂量—效应作用。     

Analysis on rock burst danger when fully-mechanized caving coal face passed fault with deep mining

When fully-mechanized caving face passed fault, rock burst accidence easily occurred. The SOS microseism monitoring system was applied to monitor the microseismic activities all time occurred in the coal and rock mass near the fault area. Variation features of microseismic energy releasing and microseismic frequency were analyzed. Numerical simulation method was used to research the abutment stress distribution when coal face passed fault, which was compared with microseism occurrence rules. When the coal face approached to fault, the abutment stress increases gradually, so the high stress would accumulate near the fault region. When the coal face left fault, the abutment stress decreased. The SOS microseism monitoring results showed that microseismic activity in the fault area had a high instability. When the coal face neared to the fault, total energy value and frequency released by the microseism steadily increased. The maximum energy peak value also had the tendency to rapidly increase. Before the strong shock occurred, there was a period of weak seismic activity. The weak seismic activity showed energy accumulation for strong shock, which can be used to forecast the danger of rock burst.     

苏州工业园区恶臭气体处理新技术

恶臭气体污染已经严重影响了人们的生活。工业区与居民区共建的现象导致恶臭问题投诉较多,如何解决恶臭已成为环境热点问题。主要介绍了几种恶臭处理的新方法,以期能对企业起到参考作用。