真空膜蒸馏和膜吸收及其集成工艺处理高氨氮废水

采用PP中空纤维膜组件,对VMD(真空膜蒸馏)和MA(膜吸收)脱氨过程进行了研究。考察了料液p H值(9.0~11.0)、料液进口温度(20~50℃)对脱氨效率的影响。研究结果表明,VMD和MA脱除率分别达85%和99%以上。料液p H和料液进口温度对VMD脱氨效果的影响较大,提高料液p H和进口温度可以明显提高VMD的脱氨效率;料液p H对MA的脱氨效率影响较为显著。对2种膜工艺进行了技术集成,利用该集成工艺可达到99.96%以上的氨去除率,出水可达标排放,并且可以有效防止硫酸铵的二次污染。     

不同有机物对混凝过程和余铝的影响

为了考察不同有机物对混凝过程的影响,针对腐殖酸(HA)和牛血清蛋白(BSA)2种有机物,研究了其在不同有机物含量(以DOC计),不同混凝剂(氯化铝(AlCl3)、聚铝十三(Al13)),不同pH值条件下混凝实验沉后水的总铝(TA)、总溶铝(TDA)以及不同混凝条件下形成的絮体情况,结果表明,不同有机物对沉后水中的余铝含量有重要的影响,在相同的混凝条件下腐殖酸体系产生较高的余铝.当使用AlCl3做混凝剂时,对腐殖酸和蛋白质体系而言,沉后水余铝浓度均随DOC含量的升高而上升;而使用Al13作为混凝剂时,腐殖酸体系的混凝沉后水中的余铝随有机物含量的升高而升高.当pH值高于7.0,DOC浓度高于4.0 mg/L时,总溶铝占总铝的比例达到90％以上,此时pH值对溶解态余铝的含量无明显的影响.腐殖酸和蛋白质的混合体系与其任一单独体系相比,混凝过程中会形成具有较大强度因子和恢复因子的絮体,且混合比接近1∶1时,混凝出水总溶铝达到最低.絮体的破碎与再生长受搅拌强度的影响较大,当破碎强度提高到100 r/min以上时,絮体粒径出现明显的下降.相比而言,AlCl3形成的絮体拥有更大的强度因子,而Al13形成的絮体拥有更大的恢复因子.     

腐殖酸修饰凹凸棒对U(VI)的吸附性能及机理

采用腐殖酸(HA)修饰凹凸棒(ATP)制备得到腐殖酸/凹凸棒(HA/ATP),用于去除废水中的U(VI)。通过静态吸附实验,研究了溶液初始p H、投加量、吸附时间和初始浓度对吸附的影响,并用扫描电镜(SEM),X射线能谱图(EDS),傅里叶红外光谱仪(FITR)分析吸附机理。实验结果表明,去除率随时间的增大而增大,在120 min内可以达到平衡;吸附剂投加量越大,溶液p H=6左右时越有利于U(VI)的去除;HA/ATP能多次重复使用,且经过5次吸附解吸后对U(VI)的去除率仍能达到96%。吸附过程均符合Langmuir和Frendlich等温方程。较之准一级动力学,准二级动力学模型能更好地拟合实验数据。SEM-EDS、FITR分析结果表明,U(VI)被成功地吸附到了HA/ATP的表面,吸附机理为络合作用。     

Spatiotemporal evaluation of water quality incidents in Japan between 1996 and 2007

We present a spatiotemporal evaluation of water quality incidents in Japan considering incident numbers, incident causes, pollutant categories, and pollution effects. Water pollution incidents in first-class river systems almost tripled to about 1487 in the 12 years from 1996 to 2007. In addition, oil makes up the largest proportion of pollutants nationwide (76.61%) and the major source of pollution for each region in Japan. Moreover, every category shows a growth trend, especially since 2005. The main cause of incidents was “Unknown” (43%), followed by “Poor working practice” (24%), and then by “Accident” (10%) and “Other” (10%). In Hokuriku, however, the main cause of incidents was “Poor working practice” (36%), which is greater than “Unknown” (30%). Finally, waterworks (approximately 60%) was the largest of four kinds of water supply infrastructure affected by pollution incidents, followed by simplified waterworks. The population affected by offensive odors and tastes peaked in 1990 and has been decreasing. Overall, the results show the characteristics of incidents from 1996 to 2007, with significant implications for adaptation measures, strategies and policies to reduce water quality incidents.     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌对双底物的利用

氧化亚铁硫杆菌是脱硫领域的重要微生物之一。研究了在亚铁和含硫基质双底物存在的条件下,氧化亚铁硫杆菌对2种能源物质的利用情况,结果表明,Thiobacillus ferrooxidans在双底物利用过程中,铁氧化系统首先启动,随Fe2＋浓度的下降,硫氧化系统开始启动,之后两者协同作用;3种含硫基质的存在对Fe2＋的氧化有不同的影响,S对Fe2＋的氧化不产生抑制作用,而Na2S2O3和Na2SO3对Fe2＋的氧化有一定的抑制,尤其是Na2SO3的抑制作用更明显,亚铁完全氧化所需的时间更长。     

基于生物表面活性剂的柴油微乳体系构建与性能研究

以生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂（RL）为表面活性剂,中长碳链正构醇（正丁醇、正戊醇、正己醇、正庚醇及正辛醇）为助表面活性剂,采用滴定法制备RL／柴油／正构醇／水柴油微乳体系,并考察了表面活性剂用量（Km）、助表面活性剂醇的种类及用量（δas）及离子强度对柴油微乳体系最大增溶水量（Wo）的影响,并对不同条件下获得的柴油微乳体系的运动粘度（μ）和表面张力（γ）进行了表征。通过荧光法测得RL在柴油中的临界胶束浓度CMC为7g／L。当生物表面活性剂与柴油的质量比Km为0．02,助表面活性剂选用正庚醇且醇与表面活性剂的质量比δgs为0．1,NaOH溶液质量分数为0．06％时,柴油微乳体系的肛和T较低,形。最大,性能较佳。     

火力发电厂飞灰对抗生素磺胺的吸附性能

研究了吸附时间、飞灰用量、初始溶液pH和振荡频率等因素对飞灰吸附去除水溶液中磺胺的影响,并对其吸附机理进行了初步探讨。研究结果表明,飞灰用量增大有利于提高其对磺胺的吸附去除率。在25℃、振荡频率150 r/min、飞灰用量50 g/L、磺胺浓度4 mg/L条件下吸附10 min,磺胺的吸附去除率可达到92.8%。电厂飞灰对磺胺的吸附符合二级动力学模型,属于单分子层吸附。     

铁铝复配混凝剂处理低温低浊水

针对北京某水库水在冬季呈现低温低浊特性,以此为原水的某水厂在该期间常会出现出水余铝超标现象的问题,通过烧杯实验研究不同投药量下聚合氯化铝(PAC)以及它与三氯化铁(FeCl3)不同复配比形成混凝剂对冬季北京某水库水的处理效果。结果表明,复配药剂存在最佳的Fe/Al摩尔复配比为1/5,此时余铝、有机物去除效果较其他配比混凝剂高。在此配比下,当PAC投药量为0.03 mmol/L时,水中残余铝量取得最低值0.0063 mg/L。相同投药量复配药剂的浊度去除效果比单独使用PAC的浊度去除效果略弱。当投药量为0.06 mmol/L时,Fe/Al摩尔比为1/5的复配混凝剂,能使浊度降至0.4 NTU左右。此外,复配药剂的投药量小,投药范围更宽,易于实际投药操作;同时复配药剂还适于常温及偏中性水源水的处理。规模为5 m3/h中试实验也证明,采用铁铝复配混凝剂连续运行,可获得良好的浊度、余铝去除效果。     

Assessment of Chlorophyll-a Concentration and Trophic State for Lake Chagan Using Landsat TM and Field Spectral Data

In this study, we present the digital evaluation of Landsat TM data and field spectral measurements for retrieving chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentration and trophic state index in Lake Chagan of Northeast China. Chl-a concentration of the lake can be estimated from the band ratio (TM4/TM3) and the field spectral data at 670 nm (absorption peak) and at 700 nm (reflectance peak). The results show that the best determination coefficient (R ²) is 0.67 from the TM data, by which chl-a distribution can be mapped. Based on chl-a determination from laboratory analysis, field spectral and TM data, the modified trophic state index (TSI_M) was applied to assess the lake’s trophic state. With the available data in Lake Chagan, each algorithm demonstrates the similar result for assessing the lake’s chl-a and trophic state. Our results indicate that Landsat TM and field spectral data could be used effectively to determine chl-a concentration and evaluate the trophic state of Lake Chagan in the study.     

Performance of wastewater subsurface drip emitters at low and normal pressure.

Subsurface drip distribution is an important on-site wastewater treatment technique widely used with various soil types and restricted site conditions. This study evaluated the performance of five subsurface wastewater drip products under eight pressures, ranging from 0 to 310 kPa. Results showed that Netafim Bioline pressure-compensating emitters (Netafim Irrigation Inc., Fresno, California) had an application uniformity coefficient of 95% and a coefficient of variance (C(v)) of 4.9%. The average uniformity coefficient of Geoflow Wasteflow products (Geoflow USA, Charlotte, North Carolina) was 94.4%, with a C(v) value of 6.8%. Flowrate and pressure relationships were developed by analyzing low and normal operational pressure ranges, and R-square values ranged from 1.000 to 0.301. Geoflow pressure-compensating products were non-pressure-compensating emitters under low pressure. Netafim pressure-compensating emitters were partially pressure-compensating under low pressures. In normal operational pressure ranges, both Geoflow and Netafim products were fully pressure-compensating. Netafim pressure-compensating products were characterized as pressure-compensating over the full range of operational pressures.