Petroleum hydrocarbons and their effects on fishery species in the Bohai Sea, North China

Systematic studies on the changes in concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) and their e ects on fishery species in the Bohai Sea during 1974–2004 are presented. Changes in PHs concentrations were closely related to Yellow River runo . Concentrations of PHs accumulated in fish and shrimp increased by about 0.712 mg/kg dry weight when trophic level of fish and shrimps increased by 1. Attention should also be paid to the high PHs concentrations in mollusks along the coastal waters of the Bohai Sea. Average concentration of PHs in the adjacent coastal waters of Tianjin City during 1996–2005 decreased the population growth rates of fish, crustaceans and mollusks in the Bohai Sea by 2.58%, 6.59% and 2.33%, respectively. Therefore, PHs have significantly contributed to the decline in fisheries in the Bohai Sea, and they must be reduced to realize the sustainable fisheries.     

用稳态法确定中国土壤的硫沉降和氮沉降临界负荷

'在地理信息系统支持下,用稳态法确定了中国土壤的硫沉降临界负荷和氮沉降临界负荷.中国硫沉降临界负荷最小[<0.3 g·(m²·a)^-1]的地区主要分布在东北的大兴安岭、小兴安岭和长白山,青藏高原南部雅鲁藏布江河谷以及云南西南部怒江和澜沧江流域,而酸沉降污染较为严重的富铝土区域,总体上都能够承受0.8～3.2 g·(m²·a)^-1的酸沉降.根据硫沉降临界负荷可以将中国大致划分为东南和西北2部分,东南部大部分地区只能接受小于3.2 g·(m²·a)^-1的硫沉降,而西北部普遍可以接受大于3.2 g·(m²·a)^-1的硫沉降,其分界线基本上与400mm等降水量线重合.与硫沉降临界负荷的分布不同,中国氮沉降临界负荷在总体上呈现自西向东逐渐增加的格局.中国氮沉降临界负荷最低[<1.0 g·(m²·a)^-1]的地区分布青藏高原西部和阿拉善高原,而氮沉降临界负荷最高[>4.0 g·(m²·a)^-1]的地区则包括东北平原、华北平原、长江中下游平原以及四川盆地等.     

中国植被对氮和盐基阳离子吸收速率及其在土壤酸化中的作用

植被对氮和盐基阳离子的吸收是除酸沉降外另一个重要的土壤酸度来源.本研究基于中国植被的净初级生产力和元素化学组成确定了中国植被对氮和盐基阳离子的吸收速率.结果表明中国东南部,包括东北、华北、华东和华南地区,植被对氮的吸收速率普遍较低,而在中国的西北部吸收速率较高,并且由东南向西北逐渐递减对盐基阳离子来说,吸收速率较高(>2.0 keq·(hm²·a)^-1)的植被有亚热带、热带常绿阔叶林、温带石灰岩落叶阔叶林、温带落叶灌丛和亚热带、热带稀树灌木草原等,它们主要分布在华北西北部、云南南部和海南岛西部,而吸收速率较低(<0.5 keq·hm²·a)^-1)的植被则主要包括分布在东部亚热带地区的常绿针叶林以及分布在西部干旱地区的各种荒漠和草原尽管中国大多数地区不会因为植被吸收而造成显著的土壤酸度增加,但在少数地区,植物吸收造成的土壤酸度输入却不容忽视(>0.5 keq·(hm²·a)^-1)由于这些地区植被吸收造成的土壤酸度输入已经大于或相当于目前的酸沉降水平,而且两者之和也超过了土壤的风化速率,这些地区可能面临土壤的酸化问题.     

NH3-SCR denitration catalyst performance over vanadium-titanium with the addition of Ce and Sb

Selective catalytic reduction technology using NH3 as a reducing agent(NH3-SCR) is an effective control method to remove nitrogen oxides. TiO2-supported vanadium oxide catalysts with different levels of Ce and Sb modification were prepared by an impregnation method and were characterized by X-ray diffractometer(XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET), Transmission electron microscopy(TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(UV–Vis DRS), Raman and Hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction(H2-TPR). The catalytic activities of V5 CexS by/TiO2 catalysts for denitration were investigated in a fixed bed flow microreactor. The results showed that cerium, vanadium and antimony oxide as the active components were well dispersed on TiO2, and the catalysts exhibited a large number of d–d electronic transitions, which were helpful to strengthen SCR reactivity. The V5 CexS by/TiO2 catalysts exhibited a good low temperature NH3-SCR catalytic activity. In the temperature range of 210 to 400℃, the V5 CexS by/TiO2 catalysts gave NO conversion rates above 90%. For the best V5Ce35Sb2/TiO2 catalyst, at a reaction temperature of 210℃, the NO conversion rate had already reached 90%. The catalysts had different catalytic activity with different Ce loadings. With the increase of Ce loading, the NO conversion rate also increased.     

沥青混凝土装车烟气的除尘净化和余热回收

针对沥青混凝土装车时冲击车厢产生的大量烟尘和有毒气体治理的这一难题 ,设计了一套环保装置。该装置及其工艺过程包括集气罩、喷射器、燃烧室、废气余热回收 4个部分 ,先后将沥青混凝土装车时冲击产生的大量烟尘全部密封在车厢里 ,并利用引风机喷射造成的负压将烟尘抽出并引射到高温燃烧室中 ,使沥青烟气和空气中的氧气发生裂解、燃烧高温反应 ,保证烟气中的烷烃类化合物以及微粒碳粉完全转化为氧化物 ;从燃烧室出来的废气温度高达70 0～ 80 0℃ ,通过热风管道引入到干燥筒 ,在沙石干燥过程中回收废气中的余热 ,并利用原有除尘装置实现了环保达标、投资回报效益高的双重目标。     

突发性水污染事件污染传导机理研究——以松花江水污染事件为例

基于学术界对水污染的研究成果,以松花江水污染事件为例。研究分析在水污染传导链中存在的污染源、污染传导载体、污染传导节点、污染传导信号与污染传导受害者五大传导要素,进而运用沙堆模型来模拟分析水污染事件中污染传导是如何发生的以及通过构造函数模型来探究河流中污染物浓度变化与时间的关系,进而研究污染是如何传导的。全面研究水污染事件中污染传导机理,以期能在水污染事件频发的情形下,深化对水污染的理论认识。     

我国西双版纳夜雨资源的农业气候分析

研究了西双版纳地区夜雨及雾雨的天气气候特征及时空分布规律,分析了夜雨、雾雨的形成机制及其农业气候意义。结果表明,本区降水呈夜雨与昼雨相均衡的状况,夜雨率达５４５％～５７７％,尤其是雾季和干热季可分别达７１４％、７０６％。夜雨形成多是山风环流造成的地形雨,雨强小,雨时长,因而对作物的有效性高。夜间雾雨则在作物生态环境中起着至关重要的作用,可部分缓解干旱季节作物需水的不足。因此,深入探讨夜雨和雾雨资源是制定有效防御干旱对策的重要依据。     

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering for mixing state characterization of individual fine particles during a haze episode in Beijing, China

The nondestructive characterization of the mixing state of individual fine particles using the traditional single particle analysis technique remains a challenge. In this study, fine particles were collected during haze events under different pollution levels from September 5 to 11 2017 in Beijing, China. A nondestructive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique was employed to investigate the morphology, chemical composition, and mixing state of the multiple components in the individual fine particles. Optical image and SERS spectral analysis results show that soot existing in the form of opaque material was predominant during clear periods (PM_2.5 ≤ 75 µg/m³). During polluted periods (PM_2.5 > 75 µg/m³), opaque particles mixed with transparent particles (nitrates and sulfates) were generally observed. Direct classical least squares analysis further identified the relative abundances of the three major components of the single particles: soot (69.18%), nitrates (28.71%), and sulfates (2.11%). A negative correlation was observed between the abundance of soot and the mass concentration of PM_2.5. Furthermore, mapping analysis revealed that on hazy days, PM_2.5 existed as a core-shell structure with soot surrounded by nitrates and sulfates. This mixing state analysis method for individual PM_2.5 particles provides information regarding chemical composition and haze formation mechanisms, and has the potential to facilitate the formulation of haze prevention and control policies.     

Enhancement of municipal sludge dewaterability by electrochemical pretreatment

Electrolysis is a promising technology to improve sludge dewaterability efficiently with negligible environmental impact. To intensify the electrolytic efficiency, the effect of electrolytes (NaCl, Na₂SO₄, NaNO₃, and NaClO₄) on electrolysis pretreatment of municipal sludge and its mechanisms was investigated using Ti/PbO₂ electrodes. The electrolytes, which enhanced the production of oxidative radicals, showed a significant synergetic effect in reducing the capillary suction time (CST) of sludge. NaCl was distinguished from the other electrolytes since it formed a large amount of active chlorine species, which oxidized the sludge cells to improve the sludge dewaterability. The surface morphologies as well as the soluble proteins and polysaccharides were analyzed to unravel the underlying mechanisms of sludge dewaterability. Additionally, an economic assessment showed that NaCl addition in the electrolysis pretreatment can be a suitable technique for enhancing municipal sludge dewaterability.     

海洋赤潮藻球形棕囊藻在氮磷富营养下的细胞增殖

利用常见海洋赤潮微藻球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)为试验研究材料,以舵海洋微藻营养液为对照(1P1N:磷质量浓度为5×10-3g·L-1.氮质量浓度为75×10-3g·L-1),设置3组富磷和富氮营养处理(3P1N:磷质量浓度为15×10-3 g·L-1,氮质量浓度为75×10-3 g·L-1;1P3N:磷质量浓度为5××10-3 g·L-1,氮质量浓度为225×10-3 g·L-1;3P3N:磷质量浓度为15××10-3 g·L-1,氮质量浓度为225×10-3 g·L-1),利用细胞记数和叶绿素荧光测定等方法研究了藻细胞在不同富磷和富氮条件的增殖情况.结果显示,不同浓度磷和氮营养下的藻体荧光值变化在试验周期内均呈现"S"型曲线,表明藻细胞的生长经历缓慢期,快速期和平缓期3个阶段;同时,不同的富磷和富氮营养条件对球形棕囊藻的叶绿素荧光值有一定的影响,其中在对照1P1N下的藻体荧光值最低,在试验结束时(第10天)只有850 μg·L-1,而在3P1N,1P3N和3P3N条件下的藻体荧光值均达到900 μg·L-1以上,显著高于1P1N下的藻体荧光值,表明富磷和富氮营养可以促进藻细胞的生长增殖,但在试验设置的不同富磷和富氮营养下的藻体荧光值之间没有显著的差异.就不同磷和氮营养条件下的藻最大比生长速率而言,3P3N和3P1N条件下的最大,均达到0.77 d-1,明显高于1P1N和1P3N条件下的藻最大比生长速率(分别只有0.70 d-1和0.69 d-1).此外,试验结束时细胞密度的变化趋势与藻体荧光值相似,富磷和富氮营养条件下的细胞密度显著高于1P1N下的细胞密度,而富磷和富氮营养条件下的细胞密度间也不存在显著的差异.研究结果揭示,水体中的高磷和高氮营养浓度是导致藻细胞大量快速增殖的一个主要因素,而利用叶绿素荧光来测定藻细胞增殖是一种快速、简便,灵敏和可靠的方法,可在今后赤潮监测过程中多加利用,以能及时、准确地预测预报赤潮爆发.从而减少其对环境和经济的影响.