苯水相光氧化反应形成二次有机气溶胶的实验研究

来源于机动车尾气的苯能溶于大气水滴、云雾等水相中并发生水相光氧化反应,在水分蒸发后,产物保留在颗粒相中形成二次有机气溶胶(SOA)粒子.本文采用雾化器将羟基启动苯水相光氧化反应溶液雾化产生气溶胶粒子,通过扩散干燥管除去水蒸气后产生SOA粒子,采用气溶胶激光飞行时间质谱仪进行在线检测,利用紫外可见吸收光谱仪、红外光谱仪和液相色谱串联质谱仪离线测量SOA的化学组分.实验结果表明,激光解吸附质谱中存在醛类(m/z=29(CHO~+)、57(CHOCO~+))、羧酸(m/z=44(COO~+))和苯环(m/z=39(C_3H~+_3)、65(C_5H~-_5))特征裂解碎片峰.SOA粒子的红外光谱图中存在苯环C—H和C=C双键,以及C=O双键、C—O、O—H和C—O—C键的伸缩振动吸收峰,电喷雾电离质谱中存在m/z高达915的离子峰.这表明醛类、羧酸、酚类、芳香醚类产物和酚类产物发生聚合形成的高分子量化合物是SOA粒子的主要化学组分.这为研究人为源挥发性有机化合物水相反应形成SOA的机理提供了实验依据.     

Tracking the implementation of green credit policy in China: top-down perspective and bottom-up reform

The Chinese government has introduced the green credit policy to mitigate the environmental impact of industrialization by reining in credit loans to companies and projects with poor environmental performance. This research investigated the implementation of the green credit policy both at the national and provincial levels. Our results show that the green credit policy is not fully implemented. The wide-ranging impact on high-polluting and high energy-consuming industries, vague policy details unclear implementing standards, and lack of environmental information are the main problems in the implementation of the green credit policy in China. On the other hand, the practice at local level (Jiangsu Province) is more practical by integrating green credit policy with the environmental performance rating system. Finally, suggestions are outlined to improve China's green credit policy.     

Phosphorus flow analysis of the socioeconomic ecosystem of Shucheng County, China

Human activities disturb the long-term phosphorus (P) cycle in nature, whereby the resulting intensive release of P contributes to the eutrophication of surface water. Hence, a detailed understanding of P flow as it relates to socioeconomic systems is essential for effective nutrient management. This study develops a substance-flow-analysis model for P metabolism for the socioeconomic ecosystem of Shucheng County in Anhui Province in central China as a case study. We estimate P flow using data from questionnaires, face-to-face interviews, published literature, and official statistical databases. Our results show that P flow in Shucheng's current socioeconomic system is linear and openly metabolic. The total P input into Shucheng in 2008 reached 12 748 Mg, mainly as P ores and crops. In all, 43.83% of the total P input was exported, and 30.44% was discharged into surface water. More-balanced nutrient management and options for improving nutrient use efficiency are discussed. The quantifiable, science-based methods used in this study may be applied to neighboring regions of central China for sustainable development and water management.     

大型回转窑托轮轴疲劳断裂分析与防治

回转窑由于其支承载荷分配不均 ,托轮轴疲劳断裂现象频繁 ,这就严重影响了生产的正常进行 ,造成重大的经济损失。笔者通过对回转窑的托轮轴进行力学分析 ,导出托轮轴等效对称循环应力幅的计算方法 ;对现场回转窑进行分析计算 ,得出该窑托轮轴危险截面等效应力幅与所受载荷的线性关系 ,从而得到托轮轴疲劳极限对应的载荷值和一些重要结论 ;提出通过轴线检测和调整来控制托轮所受载荷 ,使托轮轴处在疲劳极限下运行 ,从而减少托轮断轴事故带来的重大损失 ,有着较好的经济效益     

Application of an ecological framework linking scales based on self-thinning.

Barnes and Roderick developed a generic, theoretical framework for vegetation modeling across scales. Inclusion of a self-thinning mechanism connects the individual to the larger-scale population and, being based on the conservation of mass, all mass flux processes are integral to the formulation. Significantly, disturbance (both regular and stochastic) and its impact at larger scales are included in the formulation. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how this model can be used to predict patch and ecosystem dry mass, and consequently system carbon. Examples from pine plantations and mixed forests are considered, with these applications requiring estimates of system carrying capacity and the growth rates of individual plants. The results indicate that the model is relatively simple and straightforward to apply, and its predictions compare well with the data. A significant feature of this approach is that the impact of local scale data on the dynamics of larger patch and ecosystem scales can be determined explicitly, as we show by example. Further, the general formulation has an analytic solution based on characteristics of the individual, facilitating practical and predictive application.     

再沸器管箱封头环焊缝裂纹形成机理研究

某化工厂的一分塔再沸器在定期检验过程中,发现材质为奥氏体不锈钢的管箱封头环焊缝存在穿透性纵向裂纹缺陷。为了进一步了解裂纹形成的原因,避免类似缺陷再次产生。本文通过对案例背景介绍,在定期检验结果的基础上,通过对缺陷部位进行取样,在实验室采用理化检验方法,结合设计和使用参数,对裂纹的形成机理进行分析并得出结论。     

超临界水氧化分散染料分子研究

在380～460℃,20-30MPa条件下,对分散红60染料分子在超临界水中氧化降解情况进行了研究.结果表明,随着反应温度,压力和氧化剂量增加,废水中有机物(以CODCr表示)去除率逐步上升.染料分子在很短时间内被氧化分解生成以苯酚、苯甲酸、邻苯二甲酸为主的中间产物.推导得出了分散红染料分子在超临界水中的降解路径.     

环境样品中多氯联苯的分析技术

作为一种持久性有机污染物,多氯联苯在地球上的分布十分广泛。然而由于多氯联苯在环境样品中残留浓度低、干扰物质多且组成复杂,必须对环境样品进行预处理。目前较为常用的含多氯联苯样品的前处理技术有：溶剂萃取技术、固相萃取技术、固相微萃取技术、超临界萃取技术、微波萃取技术和加速溶剂萃取技术等,分析经过技术处理以后的样品常用的方法有化学分析方法和生物分析方法,化学方法包括气相色谱法,气相色谱质谱分析法等;生物方法有生物传感器测定法、表面胞质团共振检测、以Ah受体为基础的生物分析法和酶联免疫检测法。中国在这方面的研究投入不够,应加大人力、财力和物力的支持,提高环境样品中多氯联苯的检测水平。     

港口环境风险管理探——以天津港为例

中国是一个海洋大国,海洋和港口的环境保护得到了国家的高度重视.港口的环境风险防范管理是一个较新的研究领域,当前中国港口经济的高速增长必然带来港口环境风险的增加,对风险进行有效地评价和管理对国家的经济发展和环境保护具有重要意义.本文对天津港环境风险管理的过程进行了较为系统的探讨,分析了天津港环境风险管理技术思路和主要内容,对天津港存在的环境风险因子做了识别,并对环境风险的评估方法做了针对性总结,为港口的风险防范措施提供了一些建议.     

皮江法炼镁行业清洁生产评价方法研究

文章在查阅大量国内外相关统计数据、国家行业标准及对镁行业专家进行咨询基础上,确定了指标体系中各指标的国际先进水平、国内先进水平、国内一般水平、淘汰水平四个等级的标准值。采用层次分析法确定指标权重,将专家意见和分析者的判断直接而有效的综合起来,在此基础上,采用模糊数学中的综合评判方法进行定量分析,并运用"最大隶属度"原则进行评价,判断出清洁生产水平等级和存在问题的环节。