采用络合萃取法从维生素B12发酵废液中回收丙酸

采用络合萃取法回收维生素B12发酵废液中的丙酸,确定了络合萃取的最佳工艺条件：以0．5mol／L的磷酸三丁酯(TBP)为络合剂,油水比(体积比)为1：2,常温下萃取30min。在最佳工艺条件下单级萃取率为56％左右,四级萃取率可达98％以上。络合萃取过程中使用的有机溶剂可反复使用,使成本大大降低。     

盐蚀环境下微生物矿化岩土材料的冻融特性研究

基于MICP技术将松散砂粒改良成微生物矿化岩土材料,通过室内冻融循环实验,研究矿化材料在4种不同的冻融环境中的表观形貌、质量损失率、饱和含水率、无侧限抗压强度随冻融循环周期的变化规律,以及利用NMR测试手段分析材料的孔隙变化。结果表明:随着冻融周期增加,在4种冻融液中矿化材料均伴随剥落现象,无侧限抗压强度均呈逐渐减小趋势,质量的损失和饱和含水率的增加严重影响了材料的抗冻性能,且在5%Na₂SO₄溶液中矿化材料的粉化速度较快,质量损失最大,劣化速度最快,NMR图谱中弛豫时间大于200 ms的未冻水含量在冻融过程变化最大,是造成样本质量的损失和强度的破坏的主要原因;在去离子水溶液中样本的抗冻能力也较弱,次于Na₂SO₄溶液;在3%NaCl溶液和混合溶液中由于NaCl的存在降低材料的凝固点,使得材料的抗冻能力延长,此研究为微生物矿化岩土材料在寒冷地区的工程应用提供基础实验依据。     

植筋搭接混凝土柱偏心受压性能试验研究

对钢筋混凝土植筋搭接柱在静载作用下的偏心受压破坏进行了探索性的研究。通过试验,得到了试验柱的承载力与锚固长度、跨中弯矩与挠度、荷载与位于搭接段跨中截面受压区混凝土应变等关系曲线。试验结果认为,钢筋混凝土搭接柱在混凝土未被压坏的前提下,发生的钢筋锚固失效主要是锚固强度失效,并确认了植筋试件的薄弱面。另外,试件破坏时的粘结应力随锚固长度的增加逐渐减小。而对FISV360S植筋胶来说,锚固长度的增加能明显地提高试验梁的极限承载力。最后分别提出了临界锚固长度计算公式和试验柱极限承载力计算公式。     

滑坡灾害风险区划与预测研究综述

对前人关于滑坡灾害风险区划与预测研究的成果进行了分析概括,同时,也指出了存在5个方面的问题。根据我国国土在地形地貌上存在"南北分区,东西分带,交叉成网",及今后随着社会经济不断向地质环境条件恶劣的山区与海岸带发展、滑坡灾害的威胁和可能受到滑坡灾害威胁的地区将进一步增加的特点,指出面对严峻的滑坡灾害,传统的以单个滑坡机理研究和整治为目的的方法和手段在减轻滑坡灾害方面已显得力不从心,区域性的、超前性的预测研究已迫在眉睫。     

城镇社区地震应急工作模式的建立

社区地震应急工作是我国地震应急管理工作的重要内容之一,是减轻地震灾害的有效途径。如何依托社区开展地震应急工作是近年来,特别是汶川地震后全社会关注的问题。从地震应急组织管理、应急预案、志愿者队伍建设、宣传培训、应急演练、物资储备、避难场地和疏散通道设置以及地震应急处置等几个方面讨论了社区地震应急工作模式。     

地震人员伤亡快速评估模型研究

每年地震都会给社会造成巨大人员伤亡,如果震后能迅速预知地震人员伤亡数量,这对挽救生命损失是十分有意义的。统计了近10年来中国大陆数10次强震、中强震灾害损失,根据影响伤亡的主要因素,用线性回归分析法,建立地震人员伤亡快速评估模型,并对模型进行验证,使之可用于地震预警。     

硫酸铜和马度米星铵联合暴露对鲫鱼的毒性和效应标记物研究

为探究硫酸铜和马度米星铵对水产动物的生态毒性,本研究以鲫鱼为模型,从急性毒性、亚急性毒性和遗传毒性3个方面研究硫酸铜和马度米星铵单一与联合暴露对鲫鱼的毒性效应.结果 表明,硫酸铜对鲫鱼96 h的半数致死浓度(50％ lethal concentration,LC50)为3.6 mg·L-1,硫酸铜和马度米星铵联合暴露时,硫酸铜对鲫鱼的96 h-LC50为1.4 mg· L-1,马度米星铵对鲫鱼的96 h-LC50为4.2 mg·L-1,硫酸铜对鲫鱼为高等毒性;硫酸铜和马度米星铵对鲫鱼的联合毒性表现为协同作用.染毒第7天,硫酸铜和马度米星铵均可影响过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GPx)的活性,随着剂量和染毒时间的增加,CAT和GPx的活性逐渐下降.硫酸铜和马度米星铵单一或联合暴露7d或21 d显著下调cat基因表达,对sod和gpx基因表达无显著影响.染毒后期,染毒组谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate transaminase,AST)和碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)活性及丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量均高于对照组.硫酸铜和马度米星铵单一及联合染毒均能诱导鲫鱼红细胞产生微核,微核数与硫酸铜和马度米星铵的浓度呈正相关;随着硫酸铜和马度米星铵浓度的增加,肝细胞的脱氧核糖核酸(deoxyribonucleic acid,DNA)出现断裂,彗星尾部所占比例逐渐升高;高浓度联合染毒组红细胞微核率和肝细胞尾部DNA百分比显著高于单一染毒组.硫酸铜和马度米星铵联合暴露可导致鲫鱼血液毒性、肝细胞氧化损伤及遗传毒性的加和性,为评估Cu2+与马度米星铵复合污染对鲫鱼的生态毒性提供基础数据和理论依据.     

苯并(a)芘神经毒性研究进展

苯并(a)芘(BaP)是一种广泛存在于环境中的多环芳烃,具有致癌、致畸、致突变性。目前BaP的神经毒性研究零散而不深入,本文主要总结分析了BaP的神经毒性表现,简要介绍了BaP诱发神经毒性呈现的剂量-效应关系,进一步系统阐述了目前研究中发现的可能分子机制,包括BaP诱导神经递质及其代谢物含量的改变,相关DNA及蛋白质的损伤,抗氧化系统及线粒体的改变等,以期为进一步研究提供参考。     

Improved blending strategy for membrane modification by virtue of surface segregation using surface-tailored amphiphilic nanoparticles

Membrane modification is one of the most feasible and effective solutions to membrane fouling problem which tenaciously hampers the further augmentation of membrane separation technology. Blending modification with nanoparticles (NPs), owing to the convenience of being incorporated in established membrane production lines, possesses an advantageous viability in practical applications. However, the existing blending strategy suffers from a low utilization efficiency due to NP encasement by membrane matrix. The current study proposed an improved blending modification approach with amphiphilic NPs (aNPs), which were prepared through silanization using 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TMSPMA) as coupling agents and ZnO or SiO₂ as pristine NPs (pNPs), respectively. The Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses revealed the presence of appropriate organic components in both the ZnO and SiO₂ aNPs, which verified the success of the silanization process. As compared with the pristine and conventional pNP-blended membranes, both the ZnO aNP-blended and SiO₂ aNP-blended membranes with proper silanization (100% and 200%w/w) achieved a significantly increased blending efficiency with more NPs scattering on the internal and external membrane surfaces under scanning electron microscope observation. This improvement contributed to the increase of membrane hydrophilicity. Nevertheless, an extra dosage of the TMSPMA led to an encasement of NPs, thereby adversely affecting the properties of the resultant membranes. On the basis of all the tests, 100% (w/w) was selected as the optimum TMSPMA dosage for blending modification for both the ZnO and SiO₂ types.

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Improving simulations of sulfate aerosols during winter haze over Northern China: the impacts of heterogeneous oxidation by NO2

Incorporating the missing heterogeneous oxidation of S(IV) by NO₂ into the WRF-Chem model. Sulfate production is not sensitive to increase in SO₂ emission. The newly added reaction reproduces sulfate concentrations well during winter haze. We implemented the online coupled WRF-Chem model to reproduce the 2013 January haze event in North China, and evaluated simulated meteorological and chemical fields using multiple observations. The comparisons suggest that temperature and relative humidity (RH) were simulated well (mean biases are -0.2K and 2.7%, respectively), but wind speeds were overestimated (mean bias is 0.5 m?s⁻¹). At the Beijing station, sulfur dioxide (SO₂) concentrations were overpredicted and sulfate concentrations were largely underpredicted, which may result from uncertainties in SO₂ emissions and missing heterogeneous oxidation in current model. We conducted three parallel experiments to examine the impacts of doubling SO₂ emissions and incorporating heterogeneous oxidation of dissolved SO₂ by nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) on sulfate formation during winter haze. The results suggest that doubling SO₂ emissions do not significantly affect sulfate concentrations, but adding heterogeneous oxidation of dissolved SO₂ by NO₂ substantially improve simulations of sulfate and other inorganic aerosols. Although the enhanced SO₂ to sulfate conversion in the HetS (heterogeneous oxidation by NO₂) case reduces SO₂ concentrations, it is still largely overestimated by the model, indicating the overestimations of SO₂ concentrations in the North China Plain (NCP) are mostly due to errors in SO₂ emission inventory.