好氧高效过滤分离生物流化床的试验研究

在分析、研究内循环三相生物流化床反应器(ITBFB)效能影响因素的基础上,提出了轻质滤料过滤与ITBFB相耦合技术原理,设计出好氧高效分离生物流化床复合反应器.应用新型反应器进行生活污水中试试验的结果表明,在复合反应器HRT较短为1.1 h时,SCOD和SS去除率分别达60%和96%;在滤层厚度为30 cm,过滤速度为4.24 m/h时,复合反应器的出水悬浮物可保证16 h达标排放.     

模拟酸雨淋溶条件下紫壤淋出液中溶解性有机质的三维荧光特性

运用三维荧光技术分析了模拟酸雨淋溶紫壤淋出液中溶解性有机质（dissolved organic matter,DOM）的组分与酸度及淋溶量的关系.研究结果表明,模拟酸雨淋溶紫壤淋出液中DOM荧光峰主要为类胡敏酸和类富里酸,荧光峰的中心位于Ex/Em=305—370 nm/420—450 nm和Ex/Em=260—270...     

Leaching of elements from flue dust produced in copper scrap smelting process

To understand the features and leaching characteristics of copper (Cu) scrap smelting dust and its potential risk to environment and humans, three types of smelting dust were sampled and investigated. The dust samples were collected from the dust captured by cyclone collector, panel cooler, and bag house in a typical Cu scrap smelting process of a factory in Guangxi of China. Zinc (Zn), Cu and lead (Pb) were the main elements of the samples of cyclone collector dust (CCD), panel cooler dust (PCD), and bag house dust (BHD). There were less arsenic (As), Pb and Cu in CCD than PCD and BHD, and PCD contained more manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) than BHD. The particle shapes of BHD appeared more regular than CCD and PCD, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis illustrated the compositions of selected surface areas of three samples. The size of particles ranged from 0.011 to 33.11 μm in CCD, from less than 1 μm to several mm in PCD, and from 0.832 to 363.078 μm in BHD. The main elements in leachate were Zn and Mn from CCD, Zn, cadmium (Cd) and Pb from PCD, Zn, Mn and Cd from BHD. The leaching toxicity risk of Cd, Mn, and Zn of PCD and BHD was higher than CCD.     

UASB-MBR组合工艺处理黄连素废水的中试

为实现黄连素废水的规模化处理,针对黄连素废水可生化性差、有机污染物浓度高等特点,采用UASB-MBR(升流式厌氧污泥床-膜生物反应器)组合工艺,利用微生物的生化反应去除废水中的高浓度有机物和黄连素,考察在不同HRT(水力停留时间)下COD_Cr和黄连素的去除效果,并采用GC-MS(气相色谱-质谱联用仪)对系统进、出水中的特征污染物进行分析. 结果表明:①在UASB与MBR的HRT分别为96、66 h,84、58 h,72、50 h,60、41 h,以及进水ρ(COD_Cr)和ρ(黄连素)分别为2 030.0~3 660.0和19.0~400.0 mg/L的条件下,COD_Cr和黄连素的平均去除率均可达到90.0%以上,出水ρ(COD_Cr)平均值低于150.0 mg/L,ρ(黄连素)平均值低于4.0 mg/L. ②UASB与MBR的HRT分别为72、50 h为最佳运行条件. ③UASB可以明显降低废水中特征污染物的种类和浓度,UASB出水经MBR处理后,废水中的11种主要特征污染物均得到有效降解.      

一株苯酚降解菌的筛选及降解动力学特性

利用富集驯化的培养方法,从首钢焦化厂废水处理系统中的二沉池出水中,分离筛选出一株能够高效降解苯酚的菌株B3对其16S rDNA序列进行分析,并选择Monod方程和Andrews方程分别研究该菌在不同苯酚浓度条件下的降酚动力学模式。结果表明,B3为蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus);苯酚浓度较低时,苯酚对菌株的生长基本不产生抑制作用,用Monod模型对B3降酚动力学过程进行拟合,其动力学参数V max=0.03 h-1,K s=25.53 mg/L;苯酚浓度较高时,按照Andrews模型对B3降酚动力学过程进行非线性最小二乘曲线拟合,其动力学参数V max=0.08 h-1,K s=147.52 mg/L,K i=384.96 mg/L。根据动力学方程,推论菌株B3降解对于浓度238.30 mg/L的苯酚具有最佳降解效果。     

环境影响评价课程教学的现状与改进思路

环境影响评价课程在环境类专业教学中具有重要地位。不断发展的环境保护法律法规以及环境影响评价规范、导则和标准对环境影响评价的教学提出了更高的要求。对目前环境影响评价课程教学中存在的教材过时、缺乏深度、与实际应用脱节、教学中无侧重点等现状进行了总结,并提出了相应的改进思路,包括及时更新教材、增加教学难度与广度、与环境影响评价工程师职业资格考试紧密结合、开展环境影响评价特色教学等,为环境影响评价课程教学明确了今后努力的方向。     

Spectroscopic study on transformations of dissolved organic matter in coal-to-liquids wastewater under integrated chemical oxidation and biological treatment process

A large amount of wastewater containing various toxic organic contaminants is produced during coal-to-liquids process. In this study, several spectroscopic methods were used to monitor the transformation of organic pollutants during an integrated chemical oxidation and biological process. The results showed that the hydrophobic acid fraction increased after Fenton oxidation, which was likely due to the production of small-molecule organic acids. Soluble microbial products were generated during biological treatment processes,which were degraded after ozonation; meanwhile, the hydrophilic base and acid components increased. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopic analysis indicated that peaks at the absorption wavelengths of 280 and 254 nm, which are associated with aromatic substances, were detected in the raw water. The aromatic substances were gradually removed, becoming undetectable after biological aeration filter(BAF) treatment. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed that the functional groups of phenols;benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene(BTEX); aromatic hydrocarbons; aliphatic acids;aldehydes; and esters were present in raw wastewater. The organic substances were oxidized into small molecules after Fenton treatment. Aromatic hydrocarbons were effectively removed through bioadsorption and biodegradation after BAF process.Biodegradable organic matter was reduced and finally became undetectable after anoxic–oxic treatment in combination with a membrane bioreactor. Four fluorescent components were fractionated and obtained via excitation–emission matrix parallel factor analysis(EEM-PARAFAC). Dissolved organic matter fractionation in conjunction with EEM-PARAFAC was able to monitor more precisely the evolution of characteristic organic contaminants.     

发达国家温室气体减排现状及对我国的启示

气候变化是当前全世界关注的焦点问题,大气中温室气体浓度的不断升高与人类活动存在密切的联系.温室气体的历史排放主要是由发达国家产生的,发达国家对气候变化负有主要的责任.目前发达国家温室气体减排履约的整体情况不容乐观,主要发达国家的排放量呈上升趋势,但一些发达国家的减排经验还是值得借鉴的.本文在总结发达国家温室气体减排政策和措施的基础上,结合我国实际情况,提出了我国温室气体减排的可能对策.     

北京某污水处理厂污泥重金属污染特征、潜在生态风险及健康风险评价

连续采集了北京市某污水处理厂污泥,样品经过微波消解后利用ICP-OES测定重金属含量,同时,利用BCR连续提取分析方法分析了污泥中重金属赋存形态.在分析测定污泥中Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、As、Ni、Cu 7种重金属含量及形态的基础上,开展了污泥重金属污染水平评价、潜在生态风险评价及健康风险评价.结果表明,污泥中重金属含量最高的是Zn,含量为930.08 mg·kg-1,残渣态及可提取态所占比例最高的元素分别是Pb和Ni,所占比例分别为80.86%及18.84%;污泥重金属综合污染指数为4.84,属重度污染;污泥重金属潜在环境综合风险指数为237.60,属极高生态风险.基于健康风险评价模型建立两条暴露途径,分别对儿童及成人进行健康风险评价,得出儿童非致癌指数及致癌指数分别为2.02×10-1和1.44×10-4,而成人非致癌指数及致癌指数分别为7.21×10-2和5.13×10-5.     

污染场地修复过程挥发性有机物散逸规律及浓度分布分析

对污染场地修复过程挥发性有机物(VOCs)散逸及浓度分布进行了检测分析,通过光离子气体检测仪(PID)现场快速监测与采样管采样气相色谱质谱分析技术相结合的方式,进行了修复过程中VOCs散逸浓度检测,同时利用吹扫捕集法+色谱/质谱检测分析方法进行了VOCs污染场地内土壤中浓度检测.研究了VOCs在挖掘扰动过程中的散逸行为,并对气体中的VOCs浓度平面分布进行分析.结果表明,污染土壤中典型VOCs的散逸率整体上较高,对于该污染场地土壤特质,污染土壤扰动过程中,1,2-二氯乙烷散逸程度最高,苯散逸程度最低.VOCs浓度并不因距离增加而呈现明显负相关关系,污染物在扩散过程中会出现波峰波谷的现象.