高效液相色谱法测定厌氧废水处理液中氯酚的含量

氯酚是一种重要的工业原料,广泛应用于化工、杀虫剂、杀菌剂、防腐剂和造纸等工业中.具有恶臭、异味和高度毒性,是重要有机污染物之一.其废水排放后在环境中具有一定的稳定性,通过迁移,可进一步扩大其污染范围.曾有在井水和雨水中检测到五氯酚的报道.在厌氧条件下,芳香环上的氯可被直接还原脱去,而在好氧条件下却不会发生这一反应,而且厌氧条件下的降解产物毒性更小,所以厌氧方法处理氯酚废水引起了人们的注意.本文报道了对厌氧废水处理液中单氯酚和五氯酚的富积方法和高效液相色谱法测定的结果.     

Daytime resolved analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban aerosol samples - impact of sources and meteorological conditions

Urban aerosol was collected in a summer and a winter campaign for 7 and 3 days, respectively. Low volume samples were taken with a time resolution of 160 min using a filter/sorption cartridge system extended by an ozone scrubber. Concentrations of mainly particle associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and oxidised PAH (O-PAH) were determined by gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry. The sampling site was located in the city centre of Augsburg, Germany, near major roads with high traffic volume. The daily concentrations and profiles were mainly governed by local emissions from traffic and domestic heating, as well as by the meteorological conditions. During the winter campaign, concentrations were more than 10 fold higher than during the summer campaign. Highest concentrations were found concurrent with low boundary layer heights and low wind speeds. Significant diurnal variation of the PAH profiles was observed. Enhanced influences of traffic related PAH on the PAH profiles were evident during daytime in summer, whereas emissions from hot water generation and domestic heating were obvious during the night time of both seasons. A general idea about the global meteorological situation was acquired using back trajectory calculations (NOAA ARL HYSPLIT4). Due to high local emissions in combination with low air exchange during the two sampling campaigns, effects of mesoscale transport were not clearly observable.     

软硬互层型平缓反倾岩质斜坡采动变形破坏机理研究

为研究我国西南矿区软硬互层型平缓反倾岩质斜坡采动变形破坏机理,以我国贵州省都匀市某煤洞坡为例,采用数值模拟方法,分析采动诱发软硬互层型平缓反倾岩质斜坡的变形破坏特征,讨论采动对坡体的作用规律,研究单工况采动和留煤柱下重复采动对坡体的变形破坏机理。研究结果表明：靠近坡表工作面开采和留煤柱下重复采动对坡体的稳定性影响较大;采动裂隙首先集中于采空区两侧并向上发展,软硬夹层间产生离层裂隙的可能性一般较大;留煤柱可防止坡体沉陷破碎,但也可能加剧坡体稳定性下降。研究结果可为软硬互层型平缓反倾岩质斜坡地下开采时,有效预防诱发山体失稳等地质灾害提供理论参考。     

淡水鱼类种质资源信息系统的研制

采用人工智能和多媒体技术、建成了淡水鱼类种质资源信息系统。本系统完整、准确地保存了鲢、鳙、草鱼、团头鲂、方正银鲫、兴国红鲤、散鳞镜锂、尼罗罗非鱼、奥利亚罗非鱼等十种淡水鱼类种质标准参数及其性状图形、图像集、,包括鱼类可量和可数性状;鱼类年龄与生长特征;鱼类性成熟和怀卵量特征;鱼类耗氧量、耗氧率和窒息点指标;鱼类肌肉成份;鱼类染色体核型图像;鱼类同工酶酶谱组成指标,为进行种质鉴别和保存探索了一条新路     

关于长江产业带建设总体布局的初步思考

重点开发长江是90年代中国经济重大战略布署。将长江产业带建设成具有强大经济实力的国家一级经济轴线,宜采用分层次推进与中心辐射相结合的发展战略,以浦东开发和三峡建设为契机,加强基础产业,发展新兴产业和第三产业,优化产业结构,以能源和交通建设先行,改善基础设施。同时,要协调产业带建设与浦东开发、三峡工程建设的关系。     

Mutagenic nitrated benzo[a]pyrene derivatives in the reaction product of benzo[a]pyrene in NO2-air in the presence of O3 or under photoirradiation

In order to clarify the contribution of nitrated products to the direct-mutagenic activity of products of the reactions of benzo[a]pyrene in NO2-air under various conditions, heterogeneous reactions of BaP deposited on filter in the air containing 10 ppm of NO2 have been conducted in dark or under photoirradiation. The reaction products have been analyzed by gas chromatography and mutagenicity of the products fractionated by preparative HPLC was assayed for Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and YG1024 in the absence of S9 mix. 3,6-dinitrobenzo[a]pyrene and 1,3-dinitrobenzo[a]pyrene, which are strong direct-acting mutagens, largely contributed to the total direct-acting mutagenicity of the dark reaction products in NO2-air. On the other hand, both the dark reaction in the presence of O3 and the photoreaction in NO2-air resulted in the formation of much smaller amounts of nitrobenzo[a]pyrenes than that observed in the dark reaction in the absence of O3. These results show that the contribution of other direct-acting mutagens to the total direct-acting mutagenicity of the products in these reactions should be considered. Benzo[a]pyrene lactones were identified in a highly mutagenic fraction of the products of the dark reaction in the presence of O3 and photoreaction and a nitrobenzo[a]pyrene lactone was also identified in a highly mutagenic fraction of the dark reaction products in the presence of O3. Nitrated oxygenated benzo[a]pyrene derivatives such as nitrobenzo[a]pyrene lactone were considered to largely contribute to direct-acting mutagenicity of the products of the dark reaction in the presence of O3 and photoreaction.     

Genotoxicity of two novel pesticides for the earthworm, Eisenia fetida

In this paper, several studies were conducted to evaluate the genotoxicity of two pesticides, Imidacloprid and RH-5849, for earthworm (Eisenia fetida). Earthworms were exposed in different exposure systems to evaluate their acute toxicity and the genotoxicity of the two pesticides was evaluated by using the method of sperm deformity assessment, micronucleus test of root tip cells in Vicia faba, a mouse bone-marrow micronucleus test, and comet assay. LC(50) (interpolated concentration at which 50% mortality of test population occurs) for earthworms varied in different exposure systems. The results indicated that Imidacloprid was consistently more toxic than RH-5849 in all exposure systems. In this study, sperm deformity test was used to detect the potential adverse influences of pesticides on the reproduction of earthworms. The results demonstrated that significant induction of sperm deformity (p<0.01) and a dose-effect relationship displayed at Imidacloprid concentrations higher than 0.5 mg/kg dry soil. However, the sperm deformity frequency of groups exposed to RH-5849 did not show significant difference (p>0.05) from the control until the dose reached 100 mg/kg dry soil. The results of the V. faba micronucleus tests showed that micronuclei frequency of the exposed group did not show significant difference (p>0.05) from the control until the concentration of Imidacloprid and RH-5849 reached 100 mg/ml. The results of the mouse bone-marrow micronuclei test also indicate that two pesticides did not show significant effects (p>0.05) on the micronuclei frequency in mice bone-marrow cells until the dose reached 100 mg/kg for Imidacloprid and 300 mg/kg for RH-5849 (2/3 LD(50)). Although no genotoxicity was detected by using the micronucleus tests, the results of the comet assay showed that the two pesticides induce significant DNA damage (p<0.01) in earthworms and dose-effect relationships were displayed. The 'earthworm comet assay' is a rapid and sensitive way to screen chemicals or terrestrial environments for their DNA-damaging properties.     

电镀污泥的资源化与无害化处理

提出了铜镍电镀污泥的资源化与无害化处理的工艺流程,经试验考察了各工序的技术经济指标,结果表明,铜粉品位大于90％,铜的回收率大于95％,硫酸镍质量达到工业一级,镍回收率大于80％,浸出渣和净化渣经过固化处理后可作普通建筑材料使用,工艺过程产生的废水可达标排放。     

基于电絮凝法处理矿区高浓度含氟地下水动力学分析

采用铝电极电絮凝体系对矿区高含氟地下水进行处理,研究了高氟浓度下电絮凝除氟过程,分别考察了电流密度、极板间距、进水氟质量浓度及pH对除氟效果和动力学常数的影响,并建立了电絮凝除氟动力学方程模型。结果表明：最佳除氟参数为电流密度为450 A·m⁻³,极间距为5 mm,pH为6.0~7.0;当进水氟质量浓度为12.1 mg·L⁻¹时,经60 min电絮凝除氟后可使进水氟质量浓度由12.1 mg·L⁻¹降为0.6 mg·L⁻¹以下,整个除氟过程遵循一级反应动力学模型且除氟动力学常数取决于电流密度、极板间距和进水氟质量浓度。絮体结构与成分分析表明,在pH=6.0~7.0条件下,电絮凝体系中主要形成的无定型羟基铝化合物使除氟效果达到最好,较高的进水氟质量浓度有助于提高铝离子利用效率。