清水冲涮对向家坝以下金沙江河床及岸线资源的影响

随着金沙江下游梯级水电开发的蓬勃开展,清水下泄对下游河床及岸线的影响问题逐渐显露。通过实地观测,走访及清水下泄前后政府和民间数据、影像资料等对比分析,探讨问题的根源和避免问题严重化途径,为共抓长江大保护,为修复长江生态环境提供参考依据。结果发现:清水下泄对向家坝水电站坝址以下金沙江段部分河床及岸线资源造成了较为明显的影响。如该江段原来常见的砂滩、砾石滩除杨湾码头仅存一个沙岛外,其余全部消失;无防护设施的河段(如火焰村小岸组、火焰组和新桥组,豆坝村的马槽、娱乐、黄泥、丰收、中心三组,普安镇的13、12、7、5、4、3、2、1组,西郊街道白石社区新村组)受顶冲作用导致一半以上河漫滩地流失甚至引起滩岸坍塌;白家滩大堤一处坝垛根石将被掏蚀殆尽。此外,水富港三期扩能工程因侵占河道和开挖船池,进一步加剧了对四川安边镇小岸坝的不利影响。严重的下蚀侧蚀导致该江段同期水位明显下降,也对岸线两侧的居民生产生活带来安全隐患。相关各方对区域的特殊性及水电站修建造成的影响存在认识不足,各自的发展、利益和环境保护需求之间的矛盾等是问题产生的根本原因,问题出现后又缺少有效的沟通机制等。     

竹笋壳为生物膜载体的废水处理技术研究

采用室内实验装置,研究了以农业废弃物竹笋壳为反硝化碳源和生物膜载体的生物反应器对于污水中硝酸盐的去除效果,并另设以聚丙烯惰性填料球为生物膜载体的生物反应器作为对照实验。实验结果表明,以天然竹笋壳作为反硝化碳源和生物膜载体的反应器启动时间短,对污水中硝酸盐氮的去除效果较好;装置对进水DO和pH值变化有一定抗性,DO在2.0~4.0mg/L,pH值在6.8~7.2之间变化时,反应器硝酸盐的去除率变化很小,缓冲能力较强;反应器稳定性强,出水硝酸盐的去除率在80%以上。     

石墨相氮化碳协同UV-H_2O_2光催化降解亚甲基蓝

以三聚氰胺为前驱体,经热解—回流法制备了石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4),采用XRD、FTIR、SEM、EDS、PL等技术对g-C_3N_4进行了表征。研究了g-C_3N_4在UV-H_2O_2体系中对废水中亚甲基蓝(MB)的光降解效果。实验结果表明,UV+g-C_3N_4催化剂+H_2O_2体系能协同降解MB,在初始MB质量浓度为20 mg/L、初始废水p H为5、废水体积为250 mL、g-C_3N_4加入量为0.10 g、H_2O_2浓度为0.4 mmol/L、反应温度为25℃的优化工艺条件下,紫外光照射70 min时MB脱色率达98.32%。g-C_3N_4催化剂具有较好的重复使用性能,使用5次后MB脱色率仍保持在95.10%。     

Deep learning architecture for air quality predictions

With the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization, many developing countries are suffering from heavy air pollution. Governments and citizens have expressed increasing concern regarding air pollution because it affects human health and sustainable development worldwide. Current air quality prediction methods mainly use shallow models; however, these methods produce unsatisfactory results, which inspired us to investigate methods of predicting air quality based on deep architecture models. In this paper, a novel spatiotemporal deep learning (STDL)-based air quality prediction method that inherently considers spatial and temporal correlations is proposed. A stacked autoencoder (SAE) model is used to extract inherent air quality features, and it is trained in a greedy layer-wise manner. Compared with traditional time series prediction models, our model can predict the air quality of all stations simultaneously and shows the temporal stability in all seasons. Moreover, a comparison with the spatiotemporal artificial neural network (STANN), auto regression moving average (ARMA), and support vector regression (SVR) models demonstrates that the proposed method of performing air quality predictions has a superior performance.     

Toxicity of sediment cores from Yangtze River estuary to zebrafish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Danio rerio</Emphasis>) embryos

Toxicity evaluation is an important segment in sediment quality monitoring in order to protect aquatic organisms and human health. The purpose of this study is to assess the toxicity of sediments from three sediment cores in Yangtze River Estuary, China, using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo tests. Fertilized zebrafish eggs were exposed to both whole sediments and sediment organic extracts prepared from collected sediments, in order to provide a comprehensive and realistic insight into the bioavailable toxicity potential of the sediments. As end points, development parameters (mortality, hatching rate, and abnormality) in the developing embryos were recorded during the 96-h exposure. The results showed that some samples increased mortality, inhibited the hatching of embryos, and induced morphological abnormalities. The embryonic toxicities presented serrated changes and irregular distribution with depth, which may be related to hydrodynamic effect and unstable environmental input. However, lethal and sub-lethal effects were more significant at the sub-surface sediments (10～40 cm), which indicated that the pollution is more serious in recent decades.     

响应面法优化黄粉虫幼虫处理餐厨垃圾饲养条件的研究

研究了黄粉虫幼虫处理餐厨垃圾的方法.首先在饲养温度、饲料含水量和饲养密度等条件下进行单因素实验,然后,以利用率为指标,运用响应面法优化了黄粉虫幼虫处理餐厨垃圾的饲养条件,结果表明,最佳饲养条件为饲养温度26.7℃、饲料含水量14.5％、饲养密度4.1头/cm2.在此饲养条件下,黄粉虫对餐厨垃圾利用率理论值为38.72％,实际餐厨垃圾利用率为38.88％,相对误差为0.41％,说明利用黄粉虫幼虫处理餐厨垃圾具有较好的效果.     

微波消解-流动注射分光光度法测定总氮和总磷

以碱性过硫酸钾溶液为消解液,采用微波消解-流动注射分光光度法测定水中总氮和总磷。在碱性过硫酸钾溶液中氢氧化钠质量浓度为9.6g/L、微波功率为320W、消解管长度为16m的条件下,总氮和总磷的检出限分别为0.040m g/L和0.020mg/L,线性范围分别为0.040～3.500mg/L和0.020～2.500mg/L,相对标准偏差分别为1.6%和1.0%。微波消解-流动注射分光光度法应用于河水、湖水、化工废水等实际水样中总氮和总磷的测定,加标回收率分别为95.7%～98.1%和97.2%～102.2%。     

用造纸污泥制备改性木质素磺酸钠

以甲醛作改性剂,用造纸污泥制备改性木质素磺酸钠,通过正交实验考察了各种因素对改性木质素磺酸钠减水性能的影响。实验结果表明：木质素磺酸钠进行羟甲基化反应时,在10g粗品木质素中加入甲醛7mL、反应温度为45℃、反应液pH为10—11的最佳条件下,改性木质素磺酸钠的减水率为25．2％。经测试,改性木质素磺酸钠的各项性能指标均达到普通减水剂的国家标准要求。     

循环序批式活性污泥反应器的调试及运行

介绍了循环序批式活性污泥反应器的工艺流程及设计参数、调试和运行情况,分析探讨了系统运行中出现的一些问题。稳定运行期间的检测结果表明,反应器对COD和NH3-N具有较好的去除效果,平均去除率分别达到86.2%和92.1%,但对TP的去除率有待提高。