微波水热法制备ZnO-还原氧化石墨烯纳米复合材料及其光催化性能

通过快速沉淀-NaBH_4微波水热还原制备了ZnO-还原氧化石墨烯(RGO)纳米复合物.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、激光拉曼光谱(Raman)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和光致发光(PL)等测试手段对复合光催化剂进行表征.结果表明,复合材料中的氧化锌为六方晶系纤锌矿结构,并均匀覆盖在RGO表面上,其直径大约为15—20 nm.ZnO-RGO复合材料的光催化性能明显优于氧化锌,为纯ZnO的2.5倍.光催化性能提高可能归因于RGO优良的电子传输能力加速了ZnO-RGO纳米材料光生载流子的分离效率.     

典型类雌激素的降解方法及其影响因素研究进展

类雌激素是一类新兴污染物,目前在环境中普遍存在,且在极低浓度下可对生物体和环境产生重大威胁.本文重点介绍了酚类、天然类固醇类和邻苯二甲酸酯等3种典型类雌激素的来源、环境分布特征及其生物毒性,综述了典型类雌激素的最新化学降解法(直接光解法和高级氧化法)和生物降解法(菌类降解法和藻类降解法)及其特点.直接光解法操作简便,但降解效果不佳;高级氧化法能快速高效地去除类雌激素,但操作相对复杂、影响因素较多;生物降解法的应用性强,但处理周期长、受环境因素影响大.此外还阐述了类雌激素的降解机理及其影响因素,最后对典型类雌激素的多种高效联合降解技术提出了展望.     

有机胺调控的CO2吸附材料的研究进展

当前,CO_2排放量急剧增加,空气中CO_2浓度正逐年增大.利用固体材料进行CO_2吸附可以实现CO_2减排的目的.CO_2吸附剂中,有机胺调控的固体材料因具有吸附量较大、对设备腐蚀性较小等特点而备受关注.然而,目前所报道的大部分有机胺调控的固体材料中N原子利用率较低,吸附速率较慢.在CO_2吸附体系中引入水分,使其参与CO_2捕集,有利于提高CO_2与氨基的反应摩尔比,增大N原子利用率,提高CO_2吸附性能.将含羟基的聚合物引入至有机胺调控的CO_2吸附材料之中,也可以获得相似的效果.本文综述了近年来有机胺调控的CO_2吸附材料的设计及"构-效"关系,具体包括有机胺调控的氧化物、多孔碳材料、硅基分子筛和金属-有机框架材料的合成及CO_2吸附机理.同时,展望了有机胺调控的CO_2吸附材料面临的科学挑战及发展机遇.     

Stratification effects on hydrodynamics and mixing at a river confluence with discordant bed

Environmental Fluid Mechanics - Stratification effects induced by density differences between the incoming flows are investigated at a medium-size stream confluence with a highly discordant bed....     

Utilization of MSWI fly ash as partial cement or sand substitute with focus on cementing efficiency and health risk assessment

• Washed MSWI fly ash was used as partial cement or sand substitute. • Sand replacing is beneficial for strength, while cement replacement reduces strength. • Cementing efficiency factor and mortar pore structure explain the strength results. • Health risk assessment was conducted for MSWI fly ash blended cement mortar. • CR and HI contributed by different exposures and heavy metals were analyzed. The strength of cement substituted mortar decreases with the increase in fly ash amount, whereas the strength increases when the fly ash is blended as sand substitute. A mortar with highest strength (compressive strength= 30.2 Mpa; flexural strength= 7.0 Mpa) was obtained when the sand replacement ratio was 0.75%. The k value (cementing efficiency) of fly ash varied between 0.36 and 0.15 for the fly ash fraction in binder between 5% and 25%. The k values of fly ash used for sand replacement were all significantly above that used for cement substitution. The macropores assigned to the gaps between particles decreased when the fly ash was used as sand replacement, providing an explanation for the strength enhancement. The waste-extraction procedure (toxicity-sulphuric acid and nitric acid method (HJ/T 299-2007)) was used to evaluate metal leaching, indicating the reuse possibility of fly ash blended mortar. For the mortar with the mass ratio of fly ash to binder of 0.5%, the carcinogenic risks (CR) and non-carcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ) in sensitive scenario for blended mortar utilization were 9.66 × 10^-7 and 0.06, respectively; these results were both lower than the threshold values, showing an acceptable health risk. The CR (9.89 × 10^-5) and HQ (3.89) of the non-sensitive scenario for fly ash treatment exceeded the acceptable threshold values, indicating health risks to onsite workers. The main contributor to the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk is Cr and Cd, respectively. The CR and HQ from inhalation was the main route of heavy metal exposure.     

A review of measurement methods for peracetic acid (PAA)

• Physical and chemical properties and application of peracetic acid solution. • Determination method of high concentration peracetic acid. • Determination method of residual peracetic acid (low concentration). Peroxyacetic acid has been widely used in food, medical, and synthetic chemical fields for the past several decades. Recently, peroxyacetic acid has gradually become an effective alternative disinfectant in wastewater disinfection and has strong redox capacity for removing micro-pollutants from drinking water. However, commercial peroxyacetic acid solutions are primarily multi-component mixtures of peroxyacetic acid, acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and water. During the process of water treatment, peroxyacetic acid and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) often coexist, which limits further investigation on the properties of peroxyacetic acid. Therefore, analytical methods need to achieve a certain level of selectivity, particularly when peroxyacetic acid and hydrogen peroxide coexist. This review summarizes the measurement and detection methods of peroxyacetic acid, comparing the principle, adaptability, and relative merits of these methods.     

A novel sigma coordinate system to simulate abrupt changes of underwater terrain in a hydrodynamic model: application to Lake Mead,USA

The sigma (SIG) coordinate system in ocean circulation simulation models results inevitably in horizontal pressure gradient error. This problem also emerges in models of deep lakes or reservoirs with the same characteristics of underwater terrain mutation. SIG coordinates reflect vertical relative stratification but cannot be used to calculate horizontal pressure gradient force in places with drastic topographic changes; this results in vertical water temperature and circulation errors. In deep lakes or reservoirs, differences in water density caused by the temperature difference between upper and lower water bodies is the primary cause of thermal stratification phenomena. Lake Mead was used as a case study on steep topography based on Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) model in this study. SIG coordinates result in close agreement between the calibrated temperature time series at the top and middle water layers, but disparity in the bottom water layer. The error emerges in the horizontal pressure gradient error due to the SIG coordinate transformation. Neither increasing the vertical resolution nor adjusting the horizontal viscosity coefficient resolve this error. We test the sigma-zed (SGZ) coordinate which combines Z coordinate and SIG coordinate as a replacement for the SIG coordinate to find that they effectively reduce the model’s runtime and simulation efficiency. The vertical temperature distribution in SGZ coordinate mode is more accurate than the distribution in SIG coordinate mode. The Navier-Stokes horizontal gradient and advection diffusion equation results under SIG coordinates are very sensitive to the pressure gradient. The replacement also enhances resolution near the thermocline, facilitates reclosing of the water bottom and the equal sigma surface, lends significant advantages in terms of vertical temperature in the simulation for local deep water with steep terrain, and shortens runtime for 0.14 h. SGZ mixed coordinates are recommended in the simulation of deep lakes or reservoirs wherein the underwater topography is large (with abundant continuous deep trenches or reefs).

     

Integrated factor analysis of water level variation in geographically isolated ponds

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Small geographically isolated ponds provide a multitude of ecological functions and services, but water table fluctuations alter the magnitude of...     

Soil labile and recalcitrant carbon and nitrogen dynamics in relation to functional vegetation groups along precipitation gradients in secondary grasslands of South China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Soil labile and recalcitrant carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) are strongly controlled by plant inputs and climatic conditions. However, the interrelation...     

750kVGIS隔离开关用绝缘拉杆炸裂原因分析

盆式绝缘子、绝缘拉杆、支柱绝缘子等绝缘件作为GIS设备内部重要的绝缘、传动部件,故障率仅次于异物放电。通过绝缘拉杆运动特性分析、X射线成像检测、异物分析、微观分析、电场仿真分析等方法,对一起750 kV GIS 设备隔离开关交接试验过程击穿炸裂进行分析。针对分析结果给出了隔离开关的故障原因为连接机构侧的绝缘管粘接面加工操作不当造成了绝缘管层间疏松,导致粘接面存在气隙缺陷,缺陷逐渐延伸扩展,最终诱发绝缘拉杆层间连续放电通道。