Natural and synthesised iron-rich amendments for As and Pb immobilisation in agricultural soil

The immobilisation of heavy metals in contaminated soils is a promising alternative to conventional remediation techniques. Very few studies have focused on the use of iron-rich nanomaterials and natural materials for the adsorption of toxic metals in soils. Synthesised iron-rich nanomaterials (Fe and Zr–Fe oxides) and natural iron-rich materials (natural red earth; NRE) were used to immobilise As and Pb in contaminated agricultural soil. Total concentrations of As and Pb in the initial soil (as control) were 170.76 and 1945.11 mg kg^?1, respectively. Amendments were applied into the soil at 1, 2.5 and 5% (w/w) in triplicate and incubated for 150 days. Except for the NRE-amended soil, soil pH decreased from 5.6 to 4.9 with increasing application rates of Fe and Zr–Fe oxides. With addition of Fe and Zr–Fe oxides at 5%, the ammonium acetate (NHO₄Ac)-extractable Pb was greatly decreased by 83 and 65% compared with NRE addition (43%). All subjected amendments also led to a decrease in NHO₄Ac-extractable As in the soils, indicating the high capacity of As immobilisation. Soil amended with NRE showed a lower ratio of cy19:0 to 18:1ω7c, indicating decreased microbial stress. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure produced results similar to the NHO₄Ac extraction for As and Pb. The NRE addition is recommended for immobilising heavy metals and maintaining biological soil properties.     

基于改进耗散结构理论的地铁隧道塌方演化过程分析

为了准确描述地铁隧道塌方的演化过程,首先分析了地铁隧道塌方演化的一般规律,从理论分析角度探寻能描述塌方演化过程的方法,针对传统的热力学耗散结构理论的缺陷,对其进行改进,表现在:1)熵是一个状态函数,不能直接输入或输出,只能依附于一定的能量之上,即以塌方“负熵变能”取代“负熵”描述塌方耗散结构的形成过程;2)负熵变能包括直接负熵变能和间接负熵变能,传统理论没有考虑间接负熵变能,引入广义负熵的概念,并以此推导塌方能量损伤演化方程.把改进的耗散结构理论引入到地铁隧道施工塌方孕险机理研究中,建立了塌方负熵变能(有序化能量)和广义负熵变能(广义有序化能量)损伤演化方程,并运用负熵变能对塌方耗散结构进行了分析.     

电石渣处理洗煤废水影响因素研究

试验研究了电石渣投加方式、聚丙烯酰胺种类以及加药顺序对洗煤废水处理效果的影响。研究结果表明,电石渣与聚丙烯酰胺的投加顺序对处理效果有显著影响,而且是先投聚丙烯酰胺的效果明显好于先投电石渣;电石渣的投加方式和聚丙烯酰胺的种类对处理效果也有不同程度的影响。     

甲醛经口染毒致小鼠脏器损伤和炎症反应的研究

为探讨在单独染毒和卵清蛋白(OVA)联合致敏的条件下,甲醛灌胃染毒对小鼠造成的毒性效应,将雄性Balb/c小鼠随机分为7组:对照组(蒸馏水组);OVA致敏组;2mg/(kg·d) FA(甲醛)组;20mg/(kg·d) FA组;200mg/(kg·d) FA组;200mg/(kg·d)FA+ OVA组;200mg/(kg·d) FA+ OVA +MT(褪黑素)组,以蒸馏水和不同浓度甲醛溶液灌胃,连续21d. OVA致敏组,200mg/(kg·d) FA+ OVA组,200mg/(kg·d) FA+ OVA +MT组在第6,13,20d进行腹腔注射OVA致敏;此外,200mg/(kg·d) FA+ OVA +MT组,每天用1.0mg/mL褪黑素灌胃小鼠(小鼠灌胃剂量10mg/(kg·d)),连续21d.检测肝,肾和肺组织中活性氧自由基(ROS),丙二醛(MDA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量,并采用ELISA法检测肝组织中IL-4和IFN-γ的水平.结果表明,与对照组相比,甲醛浓度为200mg/(kg·d),小鼠肝脏ROS含量增加(P<0.05),MDA含量增加以及小鼠肾脏GSH含量降低,均有显著性差异(P<0.05).OVA作为致敏剂,甲醛浓度为200mg/(kg·d)时,肝组织中IL-4(Interleukin-4)含量增加(P<0.01),10mg/(kg·d)褪黑素能够降低200mg/(kg·d)甲醛+OVA染毒小鼠肝脏内ROS含量(P<0.05).综上,200mg/(kg·d)甲醛灌胃染毒能使小鼠产生氧化损伤和炎症反应, ROS, MDA水平上升(P<0.05),GSH水平下降(P<0.05),肝脏中细胞因子IL-4水平上升(P<0.01), IFN-γ水平下降(P<0.05).     

Assessing the premature death due to ambient particulate matter in China’s urban areas from 2004 to 2013

The Environmental Burden of Disease (EBD) approach for outdoor air pollution has been used to calculate premature deaths and average potential years of life lost attributable to air pollution in China over the past 10 years with differences between the North and the South of the country being analyzed. The results indicate that: (1) Between 2004 and 2013, annual premature deaths attributable to outdoor air pollution in China ranged from 350000 to 520000. In 2013, deaths resulting from air pollution in China represented 9.9% of the country’s total deaths. (2) In 2004, the average life expectancy of the Chinese population and the number of potential years of life lost (PYLL) attributable to air pollution was 69.6 and 1.85 years respectively as compared to 74.4 and 0.67 years respectively in 2013. (3) The number of the PYLL attributable to air pollution in the northern regions of China is found to be larger than that of the southern regions. The PYLL figures of the northern and southern regions in 2004 were 2.3 and 1.8 years, respectively, with a difference of 0.5 years, as compared to 1.4 and 0.7 years respectively with a difference of 0.7 years in 2013.

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新型气体灭火剂七氟丙烷的性能及其应用

介绍七氟丙烷气体灭火剂的基本性质及特点,阐述七氟丙烷气体灭火剂的灭火原理,分析讨论七氟丙烷气体灭火剂的环境效益、安全可靠性、经济适用性,并对其适用条件进行了说明。     

CWAO处理亚甲蓝水溶液中催化剂的筛选

CWAO（催化湿式氧化）技术处理COD为2 g/L的亚甲蓝水溶液过程中,实验对18种可溶盐进行了广泛而细致的研究.可溶盐投加量以金属离子计50 mg/L,实验得出Cu^2＋、Cr^3＋、Fe^2＋、Zr^4＋具有较好的催化活性;进而对Cr-Cu、Fe-Cu、Zr-Cu组合进行3∶1、1∶1、1∶3的配比实验研究.结果表明配比是1∶1的催化剂催化性能最强,其次是1∶3的配方,再次是3∶1的配方;对较优的催化剂,实验得出了它们催化性能由高到低的排列顺序.铜催化作用下, 在较温和的条件120℃、 1.0 MPa下反应120 min,水样COD去除率达到91.1%,脱色率达到99.92%.     

土壤团聚体与微生物相互作用研究

土壤团聚体是土壤生态系统中重要的组成部分,影响着土壤的物理、化学和生物学性质,它的形成是生命和非生命物质共同作用的结果,其中微生物是形成土壤团聚体最活跃的生物因素。土壤团聚体和微生物是不可分割的,前者是后者存在的场所,后者是前者形成的主要因素。土壤微生物通过直接改造或物理缠绕、分泌有机物或者改变土壤疏水性等机制影响土壤有机质的分异和土壤团聚结构的形成和稳定;同时,土壤团聚结构的动态变化又反馈控制土壤微生物活动和土壤有机质组分的分异作用,使得土壤团聚结构-土壤有机质组分-微生物群落结构的动态变化之间存在耦合作用。该文首先综述了微生物在土壤团聚体形成中的作用,发现不同种类的微生物对不同粒级团聚体的形成和稳定机制不同,真菌对大团聚体的形成和稳定性起重要作用,来自于植物和微生物的多糖在土壤微团聚体的形成和稳定中起关键作用;其次,微生物在不同粒径团聚体中的组成和分布不同,大团聚体中以真菌为主,微团聚体中以细菌为主;最后探讨了目前应用广泛的研究团聚体中微生物的技术手段和未来研究思路,以期为今后的科学研究提供理论和方法上的指导。     

2008年初海南橡胶寒害遥感监测初探

基于海南省橡胶种植的空间分布,对2008年初强低温阴雨发生前(1月1日)、发生后(3月5日)橡胶产区的MODIS/INDVI值进行了比较,结果表明,全省橡胶植被指INDVI值降低区域占到97.2%,其中指数值下降>0.2的占到26.7%;与上一年未遭受寒害的同期(2007年3月21日)相比,橡胶植被指数INDVI值降低的区域占79.1%,其中指数值下降>0.2的占14.6%,因此初步认定2008年橡胶遭受了寒害影响。分析2008年初气象资料、橡胶林间调查结果,与ΔINDVI值对比结果,显示橡胶寒害验证结果与遥感监测结果大致相符,说明遥感应用于监测橡胶寒害轻、重和受害面积是可行的,遥感还可以动态监测橡胶生长情况。     

新式A/O/A/O型SBR用于同步除磷脱氮的工艺研究

以沈阳建筑大学生活区的生活污水为研究对象,采用A/O/A/O型SBR系统富集反硝化聚磷菌实现同步除磷脱氮,研究温度、pH、不同碳源对同步除磷脱氮效果的影响。试验结果表明:A/O/A/O型SBR系统在厌氧2 h、好氧1.5 h、缺氧1.5 h、好氧0.5 h的方式下运行,成功富集了反硝化聚磷菌。温度为25℃,pH=7.5,以乙酸钠为碳源时,A/O/A/O型SBR系统对COD、TN、TP的去除率分别达到90%、88%和92%,出水效果达到GB 18918—2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》的一级A标准。好氧时间由3 h缩短为2 h,可以节省约33%的能耗。