响应面法优化冷冻-空气解冻预处理切削液废水

采用冷冻-空气解冻法对切削液废水进行预处理,使用单因素实验和响应面法探究了解冻时间、冷冻时间和冷冻-空气解冻总次数对解冻后挥发到空气中的有机碳质量及烧杯中上层浮沫、中层废水、下层废水各部分的有机碳质量占原切削液废水总有机碳质量的百分比(η_挥、η_上、η_中、η_下)的影响,且考察了3个影响因素的交互作用和优化了最佳操作条件。结果表明：各影响因素对预处理后待后续处理的出水(即中层水)η_中′的影响大小顺序为冷冻-空气解冻总次数>冷冻时间>解冻时间;在冷冻时间为19.84 h、解冻时间为6.94 h、冷冻-空气解冻总次数为3次时,响应面法模拟得到的η_中′的最低响应值为25.26%,3次平行验证实验得到η_中实测值为26.60%。经冷冻-空气解冻预处理后废水中油滴平均粒径较原切削液废水明显增大,浮沫层中油滴成串或者成片存在。     

基于在线监测和SWMM模型的合流制排水体制系统化提升方案评估研究

合流制溢流污染严重威胁着下游受纳水体的水环境质量。为科学评估基于海绵城市理念的合流制排水体制系统化提升方案在解决老城区合流制溢流污染方面的效果,以嘉兴市老城区为研究对象,采用在线监测技术和SWMM数学模型相结合的方式,对嘉兴市老城区合流制排水体制系统化提升方案进行了全面评估。经在线监测评估发现,完成海绵城市改造后,嘉兴市老城区在研究期内的溢流频次减少为26次,小雨不会产生溢流;经SWMM模拟评估发现,完成海绵城市改造后,老城区合流制溢流口年溢流频次减少了132.2次。整体来看,基于海绵城市理念的合流制排水体制系统化提升方案突破了传统末端治理的局限,从雨污水产生、收集的全过程对合流制排水体制进行了系统化整治,对于提升全局水环境质量效果显著。     

草原生态环境监测数据建库方法初探

该文系统地介绍了草原生态环境监测数据库的一般方法，在建立图像，图形，多媒体及数据子库的前提下，同时提出了宏观遥感监测数据与地面定位监测数据的结合方式，可操作性较强。     

北京市“十三五”大气污染物排放总量控制基本思路探讨

随着各项环保措施的深入实施,北京市大气环境质量进一步改善的难度逐渐加大。对北京市"十二五"时期的大气污染物排放总量控制工作进行了经验总结,并分析了"十三五"时期大气污染物的排放形势和减排压力。在此基础上,从6个方面提出了北京市"十三五"期间大气污染物排放总量控制的基本思路。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments from drinking water sources of Taihu Lake, China: sources, partitioning and toxicological risk

Sources, partitioning and toxicological risk of 15 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments from drinking water sources of Taihu Lake, with an area of 2428 km(2) located in the most developed and populated area of China, were studied, and the results were compared with those in other lakes of China and the USA. Concentrations of the 15 PAHs in sediments ranged from 436.6 to 1334.9 ng g(-1) (dw). Gasoline combustion, coal combustion, diesel combustion from shipping and spillage of petroleum were apportioned to be the main sources of PAHs in this area by principal component analysis, which contributed 35.19%, 26.43%, 25.41% and 12.97% to the PAH sources estimated by further multiple linear regression. Levels of PAHs in sediments were negatively correlated with contents of clay and fine silt (<16 μm), while positively with contents of medium silt, coarse silt and sand (>16 μm). Humin with size larger than 16 μm contained the largest part of the burden of PAHs in sediments, but the specific partitioning domain (bound humic acid, lipid or insoluble residue) depended on properties of organic matter reflected by optical absorbance at 465 and 665 nm. Total toxic benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (TEQ(carc)) of the carcinogenic PAHs in sediments varied from 31.8 to 209.3 ngTEQ(carc) g(-1). Benzo[a]pyrene and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene contributed 45.36 and 25.31% to total TEQ(carc), posing high toxicological risk to this area.     

Dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-vegetated soil in a greenhouse

The dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-vegetated soil was investigated in the summer and autumn in a greenhouse and field, respectively. The dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-grown soil was comparatively described by fitting the residue data to seven models （lst-order, 1.5th-order, 2nd-order, RF lst-order, RF 1.5th-order, RF 2nd-order, and bi-exponential or two-compartment models）. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 11.5 statistical package. The bi-exponential model was selected as the optimal model according to the coefficient of determination r^2. The dissipation half-lives （DT50） of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-vegetated soil at the recommended dose in the summer and autumn, calculated by the bi-exponential model, were 0.6 and 1.2 d in a greenhouse, 0.4 and 1.0 d in a field, respectively; the corresponding values at double dose were 1.2 and 2.1 d in a greenhouse, 0.5 and 1.3 d in a field, respectively. The kinetic data indicate the dissipation of chlorpyrifos in pakchoi-grown soil in a greenhouse is slower than that in a field, and dissipates slower in the autumn than in the summer.     

Ni-MOFs对水中全氟烷基醚磺酸盐的吸附性能及机理

为有效去除水中的全氟烷基醚磺酸盐(F-53B),采用溶剂热法合成二维Ni-MOFs和三维Ni-MOFs材料。采用XRD、FTIR、SEM、N₂吸/脱附实验和热重分析对材料的结构形貌和热稳定性进行了表征,采用动力学和热力学实验以及对比分析,考察了Ni-MOFs对水中F-53B的吸附性能,并进一步结合理论计算探究了可能的吸附机理。结果表明,2种材料均具有明显的晶型,其中Ni是以双齿配位模式与有机骨架进行结合,二维Ni-MOFs呈现分散片层结构,三维Ni-MOFs则呈现出块状结构,二维Ni-MOFs比三维Ni-MOFs具有更高的比表面积、孔隙率和热稳定性。2种材料对F-53B的吸附均符合准二级动力学方程和Freundlich等温方程,二维Ni-MOFs的吸附速率常数和吸附容量分别达到0.002 4 g·(min·mg)⁻¹和451.2 mg·g⁻¹,比三维Ni-MOFs分别高出20%和16%,吸附过程以非均质多层吸附为主,受共存阴离子的影响较小。对F-53B的吸附性能与2种材料的构效有关,活性吸附位点和限域作用决定了二维Ni-MOFs比三维Ni-MOFs更优的吸附特性,吸附过程主要受静电作用控制。以上研究结果表明二维Ni-MOFs对F-53B的吸附性能较好,具有良好的应用前景。     

再生水补给城市河湖水生态系统构建及管护技术体系研究应用—以圆明园为例

提出了"再生水水源补给城市河湖水生态系统构建及管护技术体系",并在圆明园开展了推广应用,设计建设了近70 hm2再生水水源补给城市河湖水生态系统构建及管护示范区.结果表明,该技术可有效改善水体景观、水质及水生态状况:浊度明显降低,示范区浊度大多小于3NTU(饮用水浊度国家标准1NTU),感官效果明显优于修复前;总磷平均...     

电气石和沸石对土壤-小麦幼苗系统中重金属行为的影响

为探明电气石对重金属污染土壤的修复能力,本文采用盆栽方法研究了电气石对小麦幼苗的生长及对重金属积累的影响,并与常用改良剂沸石进行修复效果的比较.结果表明,添加电气石和沸石均能有效提高小麦幼苗的株高、干重和叶绿素含量,其中干重最大能提高1.56倍;电气石和沸石处理均能有效降低小麦幼苗对Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的积累,总体体现为电气石修复效果优于沸石,添加电气石组Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn最大分别降低37.93%、41.45%、16.35%和20.65%.因此,新型材料电气石可用于重金属污染土壤的修复.