Domestic UNFCCC Kyoto Protocol Mechanisms Project Supply Coordination Through Tendering – Lessons from the New Zealand Experience

A United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Joint Implementation (JI) host country has to make sure that JI projects are additional to avoid extra costs to generate the reductions necessary to cover the deduction of Emission Reduction Units (ERUs) from the country’s Kyoto Protocol emissions budget. A tender of ERUs by the government allows to generate additional reductions beyond the ERUs issued if it thoroughly checks project additionality. The government of New Zealand is running a tender for JI projects under the title “Projects to Reduce Emissions” since 2003. In two rounds, 10 million ERUs have been awarded and several projects have already entered into contracts with European buyers. The ratio of ERUs awarded to reductions achieved was 0.8 in the second tender. However it remains to be seen whether the additionality test of this tender is sufficient to exclude clearly non-additional projects.     

磁性有序介孔碳的制备及其对水中双酚A的吸附

采用水热法成功制备了磁性有序介孔碳（Fe-OMC）,用于吸附水中双酚A （BPA）.采用高倍投射电镜、X射线衍射仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪、比表面积分析仪和振动样品磁强计对Fe-OMC进行表征.结果表明,该吸附剂具备较大的比表面积、独特的有序介孔孔道结构、丰富的含氧官能团以及较强的超顺磁性.Fe-OMC能够高效地吸附去除水中的BPA,平衡吸附量可达72.62mg/g,经过外加磁场分离回收后依旧具备较好的吸附性能.随着BPA浓度从1mg/L提高到20mg/L,其平衡吸附量由8.33mg/g增至91.78mg/g.随着pH值的升高呈现出先降低后升高再降低的趋势,最高吸附量出现在pH=8（75.34mg/g）.Fe-OMC对BPA的吸附过程可用准二级吸附动力学模型和Langmuir吸附等温模型进行描述.计算的热力学参数表明,Fe-OMC对BPA的吸附过程是自发进行的放热过程.     

铁锰复合氧化物滤料去除地下水中四环素的效能

以化学挂膜成熟运行5a的铁锰复合氧化物滤料为研究对象,利用静态与连续流柱实验相结合的方式,探究了该滤料去除四环素的效果与机理.结果表明,去除过程符合准二级反应动力学模型;且滤料质量越大,初始浓度越高,对四环素去除的效果越好;当水中共存阳离子浓度为0.01mol/L时,Mg²⁺抑制四环素的去除,而Ca²⁺、K⁺对四环素的去除过程无显著影响.连续流柱实验与发光细菌毒性检测分析,表明,铁锰氧化物滤料对四环素去除效果显著高于石英砂,且铁锰复合氧化物滤料去除四环素后急性毒性降低.此外,机理探究实验结果证实了铁锰复合氧化物滤料去除四环素是吸附与氧化的过程.     

袋式除尘器在立窑烟气除尘中的应用

对立窑烟尘排放特点与立窑除尘工艺中的问题及对策进行了讨论。分析了立窑烟尘排放特征,对几种常见的立窑除尘的设备和工艺进行了比较,指出袋式除尘器可成功地用于立窑烟气除尘。并且从滤料选择、清灰方式、烟温控制、灰斗的气密性等方面详细地完善了袋式除尘器在立窑烟气除尘中的应用。     

重庆市环境污染与经济增长关系的实证研究

基于环境库兹尼茨理论(EKC),选取1995年-2012年重庆市工业“三废”的排放数据和对应年的经济数据,对两者关系进行回归模拟.研究结果表明,三项环境污染指标(工业废水、工业废气、工业固废的排放量)均与人均GDP之间存在着N型的三次曲线关系,其中工业废水和固废呈倒N型,废气的变化总趋势呈正N型.根据模拟结果,结合重庆市的实际情况,进一步分析了三条曲线的特征,并对曲线变化做出了相关解释,为重庆市的环境保护与生态经济建设提供了有利的科学依据.     

Biodegradation and Ecotoxicity of Polyethylene Films Containing Pro-Oxidant Additive

The worldwide accumulation of non-degradable plastic materials, such as plastic bags, is one of the most important environmental concerns nowadays. The use of degradable materials is an option to mitigate the environmental impact generated by the consumption of plastics. One of the technologies used for the manufacture and use of degradable plastics is the use of pro-degradant additives that are incorporated in conventional plastics to promote their degradation under certain conditions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the process of oxidation, biodegradation and potential ecotoxicity of polyethylene films containing an oxo-degradable additive, according to the standard ASTM D-6954. This method establishes a procedure in which the samples are subjected to consecutive steps of accelerated oxidation, biodegradation by composting and ecotoxicity assessment. Furthermore, the effect of the presence of printing ink in the polyethylene samples with oxo-degradable additive was evaluated, and the results were compared with those obtained for samples of conventional polyethylene and polylactic acid. After 180 days of laboratory controlled composting, the samples reached the following percentages of biodegradation: polylactic acid, 41 %; printed oxo-degradable polyethylene, 32.24 %; oxo-degradable polyethylene, 25.84 %; printed polyethylene, 18.23 % and polyethylene, 13.48 %. The cellulose sample used as a control was mineralized in 58.45 %. Ecotoxicity assessment showed that the products of biodegradation of the samples tested, did not generate a negative effect on germination or development of the vegetal species studied. Under proper waste management conditions, these plastics can be used as an option to decrease the environmental impact of plastic films.     

陕西省ODS使用量分布特征的分析

通过调查陕西省消耗臭氧层物质(ODS)的销售和使用量,分析了陕西省消耗臭氧层物质的行业和地区分布特征。根据各受控物质的特点,计算了这些物质的实际使用量的臭氧消耗潜能(ODP)值。结果表明,2008年陕西省使用的ODS总量约为679.95 t,按照ODP值折算,相当于约132.76 t当量CFC-11。ODS的使用主要集中在清洗行业和制冷行业,区域重点在西安市。     

Worker drift and egg dumping by queens in wild Bombus terrestris colonies

Wild bumblebee colonies are hard to find and often inaccessible, so there have been few studies of the genetic structure of bumblebees within natural colonies, and hence, it is not clear how frequently events such as worker reproduction, worker drift and queen usurpation take place. This study aimed to quantify the occurrence of natal-worker reproduction, worker drift and drifter reproduction within 14 wild colonies of Bombus terrestris in Central Scotland. Four unlinked microsatellites were used to identify patterns of relatedness of the colonies’ adults and broods. In colonies with queens (queenright colonies), worker reproduction accounted for just 0.83 % of males, increasing to 12.11 % in queenless colonies. Four colonies contained a total of six workers which were not daughters of the queen, and were assumed to be drifters, and four male offspring of drifters. Drifting is clearly not common and results in few drifter offspring overall, although drifters produced approximately seven times more offspring per capita than workers that remained in their natal colony. Unexpectedly, two colonies contained clusters of sister workers and juvenile offspring that were not sisters to the rest of the adults or brood found in the colonies, demonstrating probable egg dumping by queens. A third colony contained a queen which was not a sister or daughter to the other bees in the colony. Although usurping of bumblebee colonies by queens in early season is well documented, this appears to be the first record of egg dumping, and it remains unclear whether it is being carried out by old queens or newly mated young queens.     

NGOs come and go but business continues: lessons from co-management institutional arrangements for governance of the Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Reserve in Kenya

The objective of this paper is to examine the current institutional arrangements for governance of the Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Reserve (ASFR) and show their major contribution in the ASFR co-management business of conserving the forest and providing livelihoods to the poor forest-dependent communities. Despite the fact that funding from non-governmental organizations ended, the ASFR co-management business did not stall. The institutional arrangements for co-management were deemed to be the major component that contributed to the continuation of the ASFR co-management business. To demonstrate this hypothesis, the paper explores four main areas that shape the institutional arrangement of the ASFR co-management regime, informed by common property theories: (1) how governance arrangement structures for the ASFR are organized; (2) villagers’ perceptions and awareness of the co-management structure; (3) co-management arrangement for access, ownership and use of the various forest resources; and (4) importance of the forest resources to the households. The co-management piloting and non-piloting communities adjacent to the forest and who have been depending on the forest as a source of their livelihoods are compared in order to understand the role of the ASFR co-management institutional arrangements in the sustainability of its business.