内蒙古湖泊水资源及主要环境问题

本文从内蒙古自治区湖泊分布及成因入手，分析了内蒙古湖泊水资源现状及主要环境问题。文中剖析了内蒙古的主要典型湖泊，特别是淡水湖如：呼伦湖、乌染素海、居延海等历史及现状，提出了内蒙古湖泊环境目前的主要问题为：１、湖泊受自然环境影响极大，生态环境极度脆弱。２、湖泊水源补给量减少，湖泊萎缩甚至干涸。３、农牧业活动污染是内蒙古湖泊的污染的主要原因。４、湖泊的泥沙淤积。５、湖泊的管理薄弱。本文针对内蒙古湖泊主     

基于保护生态的土壤基准值制订关键技术研究——以美国和澳大利亚为例

土壤环境基准是土壤环境质量标准制修订、土壤环境质量评价和监管的重要科学依据.笔者选取美国和澳大利亚基于保护生态的土壤基准制订中的关键技术进行深入讨论,从两国的制订策略和关键推导方法等方面进行详细阐述,比对了两国的基准值制订技术要点.结果表明,两国的土壤基准名称、保护对象和毒理数据处理措施等存在差异,这与各国的具体制定策...     

TRMM和GPM卫星降水数据在中国三大流域的降尺度对比研究

以中国三大流域为研究区域,分别针对TRMM 3B43和GPM IMERG降水数据,构建基于归一化植被指数(NDVI)和数字高程模型(DEM)数据的地理加权回归(GWR)模型,以2014年夏季(6～8月)数据为例,得到了三大流域1 km分辨率的降尺度降水数据,并进一步通过气象站点数据对降尺度结果进行验证.研究表明:(1) GPM原始数据整体精度优于TRMM数据,两种数据在黄河流域的精度评价指标优于长江流域与珠江流域;(2)经降尺度计算,两种数据空间分辨率得到了显著提高,且表现出更多降水变化的细节与趋势,但精度指标对原始数据依赖性大,导致提升并不显著;(3)当联合使用NDVI及DEM作为GWR降尺度模型的辅助变量时,两种降尺度结果的差异值在长江流域与珠江流域的高海拔地区中更为显著;(4)黄河流域中,使用不同辅助变量下的降尺度结果在空间分布上总体相似.TRMM数据使用地形作为单独辅助变量的降尺度结果最佳,而GPM数据不同辅助变量下降尺度结果差异并不明显.     

基于AHP和DEA模型的农业生态效率评价——以无锡市为例

农业面源污染已成为我国重要环境污染源之一,但由于农业面源污染具有分散、面广、周期长、随机性等特点,在评价上存在较大难度。根据生态效率理论,结合农业生产的特点,建立了综合考虑经济效益和环境影响的农业生态效率评价指标体系,并以江苏省无锡市为例,选取该市1998~2008年农业生产和面源污染相关数据,运用偏好锥的数据包络分析模型（DEA）对其农业生态效率进行了评价分析。结果显示：1998~2008年,无锡市农业生态效率呈现先下降后上升的趋势,近三年累计上升幅度达22%。表明近年来无锡市农业面源污染治理成效显著,农业可持续发展水平显著提高。提出的农业生态效率评价体系和方法为进一步推进农业面源污染治理工作提供了依据     

Management of an Agroecosystem

Agroecosystems (AESs) are autotrophic ecosystems managed by man. The goal of the management is to obtain the maximum possible amount of high-quality agricultural products while preserving agricultural resources, primarily the soils and biodiversity. The main components of the management of AES structures and functions, including primary and secondary biological production, the ratio between the energy flows in the plant–man and plant–livestock–man food chains, the efficiency of energy transfer in the plant–livestock link, and conservation of agricultural resources, are considered.     

Factors of Richness of Urban Floras in the Ural–Volga Region

Original data on 14 urban floras in the Ural–Volga region have been analyzed to estimate the effect of the geographic location, topography, climate, size, and age of a city on the species richness of its flora. This parameter in different cities varied from 288 to 973 species, with the proportion of alien species varying from 21 to 41%. Factors of flora richness were estimated by multiple linear regression using principal component estimates obtained by factor analysis of 13 city characteristics as predictors. It has been confirmed that the richness of urban floras depends primarily on the city size, which accounts for greater proportions of variation in the number of native species (56%), the number of alien species (91%), and the total number of species (71%). In addition, variation in the number of native species is determined by terrain elevation (22%), increasing at higher elevations. The proportion of alien species in the urban flora does not depend on the size of the city and is negatively correlated with terrain elevation.     

Accumulation of metals by vegetation in a small drainage area exposed to aerotechnogenic pollution

Trends in the accumulation of metals by different plant species have been analyzed in a forest phytocenosis of the southern taiga zone of the Middle Urals, which is polluted by emissions from a copper-smelting plant. The rate of metal accumulation in the course of annual and net phytomass production and metal outflow with surface waters beyond the biogeocenosis boundaries have been estimated.Translated from Ekologiya, No. 1, 2005, pp. 26–31.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Fedorova, Odintseva.     

Heavy Metals in Organs and Tissues of the European Black Vulture (Aegypius monachus): Dependence on Living Conditions

The distribution of Fe, Zn, Cu, Cd, Mn, Pb, and Ni in the organs and tissues (kidneys, liver, lungs, brain, heart, muscles, and feathers) of the European black vulture (Aegypius monachus) was studied. It was shown that heavy metals were not responsible for the mass mortality of these birds in southern Primorye in the winter of 2001–2002. The level of pollution with heavy metals of the range of European black vultures wintering in this region (northern China and western Mongolia) may be regarded as insignificant.     

微波解吸载乙醇活性炭的试验研究

针对酒精工业中产生的淡酒液用活性炭吸附 -微波解吸方法回收其中可利用的酒精。设计了固定床吸附器提纯淡酒液的流程 ,制定了活性炭吸附微波解吸的试验方案。结果表明 ,微波加热温度均匀 ,活性炭不会被过分加热分解 ,解吸速度快 ,能实现对被蒸发物质的选择加热 ,对要回收的物质可以浓缩回收     

常州运河支流水体黑臭监测调查及防治对策

通过对常州运河支流现场观测、调查和水质监测分析，指出了该地区运行支流水体有机污染严重，黑臭发生率高；分析黑臭成因机制，提出了控制对策。