Dehydrochlorination behavior of polyvinyl chloride and utilization of carbon residue: effect of plasticizer and inorganic filler

The dehydrochlorination behavior of plasticizer (DOP) and inorganic filler (CaCO₃) contained in PVC samples and the properties of the activated carbons produced from those carbon residues have been investigated. In the dehydrochlorination process, both additives contributed not only to a decrease in HCl yield but also to the prolonged evolution of HCl. Part of the Cl species were observed to be stabilized as CaCl₂ by reaction with calcium ions when CaCO₃ was added. More than 80% of chlorine removal was achieved in all samples at 533 K. The use of potassium as an activation agent led to the production of activated carbon with a specific surface area greater than 1000 m²/g at the low temperature of 1023 K and assisted also in the elimination of residual Cl species by the formation of KCl during activation. Chemical Feedstock Recycling & Other Innovative Recycling Techniques 6     

Localisation of biogenic amines in larvae of Bugula neritina (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida) and their effects on settlement

Distributions of serotonin and catecholamines in larvae of the marine bryozoan Bugula neritina (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida) were investigated using immunohistochemistry with anti-serotonin antiserum and glyoxylic acid–induced fluorescence histochemistry. Anti-serotonin immunoreactive substances and glyoxylic acid–induced fluorescent substances had similar distributions in the equatorial neuromuscular ring, the neural plexus, the paired axial neuromuscular cords, and tracts connecting the neural plexus to ciliated cells bordering the pyriform organ. The effects of dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, tyramine, octopamine, synephrine and serotonin, at 10⁻⁴, 10⁻⁵ and 10⁻⁶  M, on settlement were analysed. In filtered seawater, 98% of larvae settled in 3 h, but only 11%, 3% and 6% total settlement was observed after 8 h in 10⁻⁴  M dopamine, 10⁻⁴  M serotonin and 10⁻⁵  M serotonin, respectively. Total settlement was 70% in 10⁻⁴  M noradrenaline, 80% in 10⁻⁴  M adrenaline and 60% in 10⁻⁴  M tyramine. Less than 60% settlement was observed in 10⁻⁴ and 10⁻⁵  M octopamine and synephrine. Serotonin's inhibitory effect on settlement was mimicked by a range of serotonin receptor agonists and antagonists, among which 5-carboxamidotryptamine was the most potent. Received: 19 March 1999 / Accepted: 11 October 1999     

生物铁泥的Fe（Ⅲ）还原能力及影响因素

以生物铁泥和普通活性污泥为对象,在不同碳源及兼氧/厌氧条件下采用实验室恒温培养的方法考察了不同活性污泥的Fe（Ⅲ）还原性能。研究结果表明,不同活性污泥Fe（Ⅲ）还原能力相差较大,生物铁泥的Fe（Ⅲ）还原性能明显优于普通活性污泥,在兼性厌氧与严格厌氧条件下,分别是普通活性污泥的1.87倍和1.76倍;碳源对生物铁泥的Fe（Ⅲ）还原影响较小,而对普通活性污泥的Fe（Ⅲ）还原过程呈现出较明显的负影响;在实验控制的兼氧/厌氧条件下,2种活性污泥厌氧条件下Fe（Ⅲ）还原能力均大于兼氧条件。为活性污泥Fe（Ⅲ）还原过程的工程实际应用提供了理论依据。     

Fe^0钝化膜的生物还原及其脱氮除磷

微生物的异化Fe（Ⅲ）还原是一种能够利用Fe（III）作为末端电子受体在无氧条件下氧化有机物的产能过程。结合这一特性,考察了在兼性厌氧／严格厌氧条件下Fe^0钝化膜作为Fe（111）源时的生物还原能力以及对N、P等营养元素的去除效果。结果表明,严格厌氧条件下微生物异化Fe（Ⅲ）还原能力较好,富集培养至7d,累计Fe（II）浓度达到最大,最大产生速率为98．69mg／（L·d）,同时TP去除率高达97．1％以上。而体系对NH4-N、TN的去除相对滞后,培养至13d,去除率开始增大,最终分别达到86．6％和76．1％。这为装填有海绵铁＋聚氨酯泡沫载体的SBBR中填料的原位再生问题提供了解决思路。     

机动车尾气排放对兰州市大气环境影响分析

在对兰州市机动车保有量、主要干线车流量、车型比例及固定源污染状况详细调查的基础上 ,通过较为科学的方法计算了兰州市机动车尾气排放分担率 ,并在此基础上分析了治理汽车尾气污染对兰州市大气环境的影响 ,从而为有关部门的管理和决策提供了有力的依据     

Effect of modified magnetic field on the ocean migration of maturing chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta

To investigate the role of magnetic compass orientation in oceanic migrating chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, an ultrasonic telemetry study was carried out in the western North Pacific off the coast of Kushiro, Hokkaido. Four salmon were fitted with a tag which generated an artificial magnetic field and modified the geomagnetic field around the head of the fish. Initially, the free-ranging salmon with stomach-implanted ultrasonic transmitters were tracked for a period of several hours before the magnetic field was altered for a period of 16 h. The generator produced an alternating magnetic field intensity of about 6 gauss, with polarity which reversed every 11.25 min. There was no observable effect on the horizontal and vertical movements of the salmon when the magnetic field was modified. However, it was noted that salmon slowed their swimming speed significantly before changing direction, regardless of whether the fish were swimming under the normal geomagnetic field or whether they were swimming under the modified field. Received: 6 April 1997 / Accepted: 29 April 1997     

Annual production and molecular weight as an influential factor for environmental distribution of chemicals — a case study in Japan

The changes promoted by treatment of a highly polluted soil with sulphuric acid or calcium hydroxide for changing its pH value are studied by controlling physical properties (particle size, TGA and DTA curves), evolution of metal species (exchangeable, as carbonates, related to Fe‐Mn oxides, linked to organic matter and residual) and metal uptake by plant cultures. Metal contents were determined, after wet digestion with HF—HNO₃—HC1O₄ when necessary, by AAS (Ca, Mg, Cu, Pb, Mn, Fe, Zn) or emission (Na, K). The treatment of soil with successive amounts of sulphuric leads to changes in particle size, hydration properties and exothermic peak for organic matter combustion. Very small changes were, however, detected in the alkaline treatment of soil. Soil treatments do not have practical influence on speciation of some metals (Na, K, Mg, Pb, Mn, Fe), but the intensity of the acid treatment leads to both an increase in the Cu extraction and a decrease in the Ca solubilization, probably through gypsum formation. In the case of zinc a maximum solubility in the middle of the range of acid treatment was observed. The comparison among extractants shows solubilities high for two pollutants (Pb, Cu), associated mainly to Fe—Mn oxides and organic matter, and low for two macrocomponents (Fe, K). The rest of metals, basically present in soil as carbonates or oxides, have intermediate extractions. Pot cultures weights depended mainly on both the treatment of soil (poor development in the more acid sample and drainage difficulties in the rest of acid treatments) and the situation (very low weights in laboratory runs as compared with outside), but the irrigation with water or a diluted sulphuric acid solution (at pH = 4.0) did not produce significant weight changes. Tendencies to increase plant pollution were observed for smaller soil pH, acid irrigation and probably for outside cultures, due to uptake by leaves.     

Fe0钝化膜的生物还原及其脱氮除磷

微生物的异化Fe(Ⅲ)还原是一种能够利用Fe(Ⅲ)作为末端电子受体在无氧条件下氧化有机物的产能过程。结合这一特性,考察了在兼性厌氧/严格厌氧条件下Fe⁰钝化膜作为Fe(Ⅲ)源时的生物还原能力以及对N、P等营养元素的去除效果。结果表明,严格厌氧条件下微生物异化Fe(Ⅲ)还原能力较好,富集培养至7 d,累计Fe(Ⅱ)浓度达到最大,最大产生速率为98.69 mg/(L·d),同时TP去除率高达97.1%以上。而体系对NH₄⁺-N、TN的去除相对滞后,培养至13 d,去除率开始增大,最终分别达到86.6%和76.1%。这为装填有海绵铁+聚氨酯泡沫载体的SBBR中填料的原位再生问题提供了解决思路。