高空核试验放射性烟云扩散的数值模拟研究

针对核试验期间的放射性烟云扩散,采用RAMS/CFORSⅡ模式,通过模拟两次高空核试验过程,研究烟云的空间分布、传输态势和地面沉降,模拟结果基本符合实际观测趋势.同时模拟得到了一些空爆核试验烟云在对流层和平流层中下层的传输规律.在空爆烟云的长距离传输中,主烟云受平流层西风急流影响明显,最快在爆后19 h东移出境;在西风急流之上和对流层中,传输速度明显减小,烟云的扩散和沉降维持了3 d以上.对流层中低层的天气系统对空爆烟云的近地面沉降有重要影响,较强的低压系统造成的地面沉降区域较小,接近均压场的天气形势造成的沉降区域较大,约比前者大1倍.较大的粒子主要在爆后前两天沉降在中国西部地区,东部以小粒子沉降为主,出现在第3 d.小粒子的放射性很小,日沉降量在10-2～101 Bq/m2之间,与天然放射性本底值相当.     

基于BP模型的土壤重金属对其生物毒性的贡献分析

通过BP神经网络模型对石油开采区土壤重金属的部分缺失试验数据进行补齐,并采用主成分分析法对石油开采区土壤中重金属进行源解析。结果表明,土壤中重金属的来源包括自然来源、农业来源、交通来源和燃煤来源。以不同来源重金属作为输入条件、土壤生物毒性作为输出条件构建不同来源重金属土壤发光菌生物毒性神经网络模型,模型验证结果表明,在0.05显著性水平下,25组验证样本模拟值和试验值之间的相关系数r为0.396,满足模型验证要求。结合相对灵敏度计算,获得不同来源重金属对土壤生物毒性的贡献率分别为自然来源26.68%、农业来源52.71%、交通来源4.67%、燃煤来源15.94%,即农业来源为石油开采区土壤中发光菌生物毒性的最主要来源。     

Applying a new method for direct collection,volume quantification and determination of N2 emission from water

The emission of N2 is important to remove excess N from lakes, ponds, and wetlands. To investigate the gas emission from water, Gao et al.(2013) developed a new method using a bubble trap device to collect gas samples from waters. However, the determination accuracy of sampling volume and gas component concentration was still debatable. In this study, the method was optimized for in situ sampling, accurate volume measurement and direct injection to a gas chromatograph for the analysis of N2 and other gases. By the optimized new method, the recovery rate for N2 was 100.28% on average; the mean coefficient of determination(R2) was 0.9997; the limit of detection was 0.02%. We further assessed the effects of the new method, bottle full of water, vs. vacuum bag and vacuum vial methods, on variations of N2 concentration as influenced by sample storage times of 1,2, 3, 5, and 7 days at constant temperature of 15°C, using indices of averaged relative peak area(%) in comparison with the averaged relative peak area of each method at 0 day.The indices of the bottle full of water method were the lowest(99.5%–108.5%) compared to the indices of vacuum bag and vacuum vial methods(119%–217%). Meanwhile, the gas chromatograph determination of other gas components(O2, CH4, and N2O) was also accurate. The new method was an alternative way to investigate N2 released from various kinds of aquatic ecosystems.     

生物质成型燃料工业项目环境影响评价实例分析

以使用生物质成型燃料的某洗衣粉项目为例,对生物质成型燃料的来源种类、燃烧设备、烟尘净化措施和污染物产排进行了介绍,并对使用生物质成型燃料工业项目的环境影响评价中的若干问题进行了分析探讨。     

钻井平台石油污染法律问题研究——从墨西哥湾石油污染事件谈起

2010年4月20日美国路易斯安那州沿岸的一座石油钻井平台发生爆炸起火,11人死亡.底部油井漏油量从每天5千桶,到后来达2万5千至3万桶,演变成美国历来最严重的油污大灾难.海洋占整个地球表面积的71%,蕴藏着丰富的资源和能源,随着现代新科学技术的发展,海洋石油开采技术也日渐成熟,为缓解能源短缺提供了良好的解决途径,但同时也给海洋环境带来了问题.国际社会极度关注海洋油污问题,并进行了不懈的努力以减轻油污状况,改善海洋环境.本文主要考察针对海洋钻井平台的石油开采活动以及事故产生油污的相关国际国内法律文件,通过对相关法律文件的分析,揭示现有国内法律文件的不足,提出进一步完善相关法律的建议.     

建设项目环境影响报告表编制需重点关注的问题

随着国家对建设项目环境影响评价工作的要求不断规范和完善,为提高环境影响报告表的编制质量,为环境管理部门审批项目提供科学依据。本文就目前在编制建设项目环境影响报告表工作中,分析和探讨了几个需要特别重点关注的问题,供有关人员借鉴。     

外源物质对李氏禾超富集铬的作用

通过水培实验发现,施加EDTA、CTAB、SA对铬超富集植物李氏禾地上部分和地下部分的铬含量及生理特性产生不同的的影响。EDTA使叶绿素含量上升,SOD/POD、SOD/CAT的活性比降低,抗氧化酶系统的平衡略有恢复,MDA含量降低,同时促进Cr6+从根部向地上部分运输及积累,根系铬含量降低,总体铬含量仍有较大地提高;CTAB使叶绿素降低,酶活性比值升高,抗氧化酶系统失衡加剧,MDA含量增加,并有效促进根部对Cr的吸收和积累,总体铬含量有大幅度提高;水杨酸可使叶绿素含量、酶活性比值有所恢复,减少MDA的积累,对Cr6+的吸收和运输无显著影响。研究结果既可以为提高超富集植物的修复效率提供科学依据,同时也为研究超富集植物富集重金属铬的生理机制提供良好的线索,在理论和技术上均具有重要价值。     

Sulfur speciation and bioaccumulation in camphor tree leaves as atmospheric sulfur indicator analyzed by synchrotron radiation XRF and XANES

Analyzing and understanding the effects of ambient pollution on plants is getting more and more attention as a topic of environmental biology.A method based on synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence and X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy was established to analyze the sulfur concentration and speciation in mature camphor tree leaves (CTLs),which were sampled from 5 local fields in Shanghai,China.Annual SO2 concentration,SO42-concentration in atmospheric particulate,SO42-and sulfur concentration in soil were also analyzed to explore the relationship between ambient sulfur sources and the sulfur nutrient cycling in CTLs.Total sulfur concentration in mature camphor tree leaves was 766-1704 mg/kg.The mainly detected sulfur states and their corresponding compounds were +6 (sulfate,include inorganic sulfate and organic sulfate),+5.2 (sulfonate),+2.2 (suloxides),+0.6 (thiols and thiothers),+0.2 (organic sulfides).Total sulfur concentration was strongly correlated with sulfate proportion with a linear correlation coefficient up to 0.977,which suggested that sulfur accumulated in CTLs as sulfate form.Reduced sulfur compounds (organic sulfides,thiols,thioethers,sulfoxide and sulfonate) assimilation was sufficed to meet the nutrient requirement for growth at a balanced level around 526 mg/kg.The sulfate accumulation mainly caused by atmospheric sulfur pollution such as SO2 and airborne sulfate particulate instead of soil contamination.From urban to suburb place,sulfate in mature CTLs decreased as the atmospheric sulfur pollution reduced,but a dramatic increase presented near the seashore,where the marine sulfate emission and maritime activity pollution were significant.The sulfur concentration and speciation in mature CTLs effectively represented the long-term biological accumulation of atmospheric sulfur pollution in local environment.     

新型介质阻挡放电反应器同时处理废气和废液研究

为了充分发挥介质阻挡放电处理污染物的能力.本研究依据介质阻挡放电降解废气和废液的原理,设计了一种介质阻挡放电同时处理废液和废气的反应器,并对模拟废气甲苯和染料废水进行处理.实验过程中对甲苯和染料废水分别单独处理和两者同时处理的效果进行了比较.结果表明,甲苯在单独处理和同染料废水同时处理时都可达到较高的降解效果,两者同时处理时甲苯的降解效率可达88.6%.并且在甲苯降解效率基本保持不变的情况下,本反应器可以实现对染料废水的同步降解,其中处理50 mg·L-1活性艳蓝60min时,降解率可达95.4%,每小时处理量为35.8 mg.通过同时处理甲苯和染料废水提高了反应器的能量利用效率.     

南京冬季气溶胶光学特性及黑碳光吸收增强效应

2016年1月1~19日在南京北郊利用三波长光声黑碳光度仪(PASS-3)对气溶胶的光学性质进行了实时在线观测,同时结合气溶胶化学组成分析了黑碳气溶胶的光吸收增强效应.结果表明,观测期间气溶胶在532 nm下的吸收系数、散射系数、单散射反照率的平均值为(64.19±35.28)Mm-1、(454.68±238.71)Mm-1、0.87±0.03,受边界层高度及颗粒物浓度的影响,呈现出明显的日变化特征.黑碳气溶胶的质量吸收截面(MAC)在观测期间的变化趋势为前期低,后期高,与非EC组分相对EC比值的变化趋势一致,受不同污染条件下二次物质的占比及覆盖物厚度变化的影响.基于MAC计算得到的405、532、781nm下的光吸收增强(EMAC)平均值分别为1.53±0.56、1.34±0.47、1.14±0.40,随着波长增加而降低,存在棕色碳(Br C)的贡献.各非EC组分相对EC的比值与EMAC均有一定相关性,其中OC/EC与EMAC相关性最高,说明有机物的积累是导致黑碳光吸收增强的主要原因.K+/EC与EMAC的高相关性表明生物质燃烧过程对光吸收增强也有一定影响.