小麦-玉米轮作体系农田氮素淋失特征及氮素表观平衡

连续6年采用渗漏计法研究了不同施氮处理下陕西关中小麦-玉米轮作区农田土壤90 cm深度处氮素(N)淋失特征和土壤-作物体系氮素表观平衡状况.结果表明:该地区农田氮素淋溶主要发生在降雨量较多的玉米季,且集中在8月和9月.监测期内,TN和NO-3-N年平均流失量分别为2.72~23.07 kg·hm-2和1.53~18.72 kg·hm-2,年流失率分别为0.65%~3.44%和0.82%~3.32%,且年总氮、硝态氮流失量均随年施氮量增加呈指数增加.氮素淋失形态中,NO-3-N比例较高,可占总氮淋失量的56.00%~81.00%,且随着氮肥用量的降低,其占总氮淋失量的比例也随之减小.可见,施氮量的大小在一定程度上会影响淋失液中各形态氮的比例.氮素表观平衡结果显示,随着施氮量提高,氮素在土壤中的残留和表观氮盈余均呈现指数增加趋势.长期施氮条件下,土壤-作物体系氮素表观损失率的幅度为32.60%~55.20%,土壤表观残留率为-0.17%~8.20%.多年监测结果表明,优化施氮模式下,作物不仅可以获得较高的产量和氮肥利用率,农田氮素淋失量也大幅降低,在节约肥料资源的同时减轻了潜在的环境风险.     

市政污泥热解过程中重金属迁移特性及环境效应评估

以昆明某市政污泥为原料,研究生物炭制备过程中重金属Fe、Zn、Mn和Ni的迁移特性,并基于其潜在环境风险确定污泥基生物炭制备的最佳热解温度.本实验选择总量较高的4种重金属Fe、Zn、Mn和Ni,采用BCR提取法测定不同热解温度下4种重金属的形态和含量变化,得到各金属的形态分布变化规律和迁移路径,利用潜在生态风险指数(P...     

河流枯水流量特征研究

本文以泾、洛、渭三河流干流在陕西境内的主要控制断面为例,分析了１４个时段枯水流量的概率分布特征,选定了理论分布线型,揭示了各枯水序列的时段平均流量均值、变差系数和偏态系数的变化规律,建立了推求不同频率不同时段的枯水流量的经验公式。绘制了相应的关系曲线,应用十分方便。     

Enhanced bio-decolorization of 1-amino-4-bromoanthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid by Sphingomonas xenophaga with nutrient amendment

Bacterial decolorization of anthraquinone dye intermediates is a slow process under aerobic conditions. To speed up the process, in the present study, effects of various nutrients on 1-amino-4-bromoanthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid (ABAS) decolorization by Sphingomonas xenophaga QYY were investigated. The results showed that peptone, yeast extract and casamino acid amendments promoted ABAS bio-decolorization. In particular, the addition of peptone and casamino acids could improve the decolorization activity of strain QYY. Further experiments showed that L-proline had a more significant accelerating effect on ABAS decolorization compared with other amino acids. L-Proline not only supported cell growth, but also significantly increased the decolorization activity of strain QYY. Membrane proteins of strain QYY exhibited ABAS decolorization activities in the presence of L-proline or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, while this behavior was not observed in the presence of other amino acids. Moreover, the positive correlation between L-proline concentration and the decolorization activity of membrane proteins was observed, indicating that L-proline plays an important role in ABAS decolorization. The above findings provide us not only a novel insight into bacterial ABAS decolorization, but also an L-proline-supplemented bioaugmentation strategy for enhancing ABAS bio-decolorization.     

Geochemical characteristics of rare earth elements in Wuhan section of the Yangtze River

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Quantitative structure - activity study on the reductivedehalogenation potency of the halogenated aromatics

Ｑｕａｎｔｉｔａｔｉｖｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ－ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｓｔｕｄｙｏｎｔｈｅｒｅｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｄｅｈａｌｏｇｅｎａｔｉｏｎｐｏｔｅｎｃｙｏｆｔｈｅｈａｌｏｇｅｎａｔｅｄａｒｏｍａｔｉｃｓＨｕａｎｇＱｉｎｇｇｕｏ；ＷａｎｇＬｉａｎｓｈｅｎｇ；Ｈａｎ...     

电镀废水中微量铬(Ⅵ)、锌和镍的顺序流动注射光度分析

以光度比色法为基础,采用流动注射分析技术,建立了水中铬（Ⅵ）、锌和镍的自动分析方法,通过实验将３种离子的测定综合在同一ＦＩＡ流路中完成,并使各种实验达到最佳化,该装置及方法的测定频率为６０样／ｈ,对铬（Ⅵ）、锌和镍的检出限分别为０．１、０．２和０．３ｍｇ／Ｌ,测定的相对标准偏差约为１％,其灵敏度、准确度等指标均满足工业废水水质分析的要求。     

BOD_5样品分析中稀释倍数的确定

首先正确估计样品ＢＯＤ５浓度范围，并测定稀释水的溶解氧，然后根据稀释倍数公式计算３个适当的稀释倍数．与其它方法相比，本方法省时、可靠，适用性强，能够确保ＢＯＤ５样品分析一次成功．在ＢＯＤ５样品分析中具有广泛的应用价值．     

Growth and alkaline phosphatase activity of Chattonella marina and Heterosigma akashiwo in response to phosphorus limitation

The growth and alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) of two raphidophyceae species Chattonella marina and Heterosigma akashiwo were investigated in response to P-limitation and subsequent addition of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP, NaH₂PO₄) and two dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) compounds: guanosine 5-monophosphate (GMP) and triethyl phosphate (TEP). APAlevels increased greatly after P-starvation as the decrease of the cellular phosphorus quotes (Q_p). C. marina responded to P-limitation quickly and strongly, with 10-fold increase in APA within 24 hr after P-starvation. The larger difference between maximal and minimal Q_p values in C. marina indicated its high capacity in P storage. APA of H. akashiwo wasmaximally enlarged about 2.5 times at 48 hr of P-starvation. After the addition of nutrients, cell numbers of C. marina increased in all treatments including the P-free culture, demonstrating the higher endurance of C. marina to P-limitation. However, those of H. akashiwo increased only in DIP and GMP cultures. APA increased only after the addition of the monophosphate ester GMP. The results suggest that quick responses of C. marina to P-limitation, high capacity in P storage as well as endurance for P-depletion provide this species an ecological advantage in phytoplankton community competition under DIP-limited conditions.     

Investigation of carbonyl compound sources at a rural site in the Yangtze River Delta region of China

Carbonyl compounds are important intermediates in atmospheric photochemistry, but their primary sources are still not understood well. In this work, carbonyls, hydrocarbons, and alkyl nitrates were continuously measured during November 2011 at a rural site in the Yangtze River Delta region of China. Mixing ratios of carbonyls and hydrocarbons showed large fluctuations during the entire measurement. The average level for total measured volatile organic compounds during the pollution episode from 25th to 27th November, 2011 was 91.6 ppb, about 7 times the value for the clean period of 7th-8th, November, 2011. To preliminarily identify toluene sources at this site, the emission ratio of toluene to benzene (T/B) during the pollution episode was determined based on photochemical ages derived from the relationship of alkyl nitrates to their parent alkanes. The calculated T/B was 5.8 ppb/ppb, significantly higher than the values of 0.2-1.7 ppb/ppb for vehicular exhaust and other combustion sources, indicating the dominant influence of industrial emissions on ambient toluene. The contributions of industrial sources to ambient carbonyls were then calculated using a multiple linear regression fit model that used toluene and alkyl nitrates as respective tracers for industrial emission and secondary production. During the pollution episode, 18.5%, 69.0%, and 52.9% of measured formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were considered to be attributable to industrial emissions. The emission ratios relative to toluene for formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were determined to be 0.10, 0.20 and 0.40 ppb/ppb, respectively. More research on industrial carbonyl emission characteristics is needed to understand carbonyl sources better.