典型污水处理厂中多溴联苯醚的分布特征、迁移及负荷研究

本研究通过对典型污水处理厂各构筑物进行采样分析,研究多溴联苯醚在污水处理厂中的分布、迁移和转化.结果表明,在污水处理厂所有污泥样品中都有PBDEs检出,PBDEs浓度范围在4226.76~9204.14 ng·g-1之间.其中,BDE-209是主导同系物,所占平均比例为83.16%(范围为75.75%~89.48%).该污水处理厂的进水样品中溶解态PBDEs总浓度为183.11 ng·L-1,而出水样品中溶解态PBDEs浓度则降至7.07 ng·L-1,PBDEs的去除率达到96%以上.所有污水样品中BDE-209都是最主要的同系物,所占比例在75.75%~85.68%之间,BDE-99和BDE-47是仅次于BDE-209的另外2种主要同系物.通过对污水处理流程中PBDEs的溶解态和颗粒态分配系数的研究得出,溶解性颗粒物对疏水性有机物在整个污水处理流程中的迁移、转化有重要的影响.该污水厂的日均PBDEs负荷量为21311.2 mg·d-1,污水经初沉池和二沉池处理之后分别有58.07%和39.91%的PBDEs被去除,即一共有97.98%的PBDEs被去除了,最后在出水中只剩2.02%的PBDEs.该污水厂通过出水的日均排放PBDEs的量为430.8 mg,通过脱水污泥日均排放PBDEs的量高达20880.4 mg.土壤在污泥农用之后PBDEs浓度年增加量为25.4μg·kg-1,污泥农用需要百年以上才能达到欧盟的规定限值.     

活性污泥法的多变量最优控制Ⅰ.基础理论与DO浓度对运行费用的影响

在现有的关于活性污泥法最优控制研究的基础上，首次提出了以两个最重要的控制参数污泥排放量和溶解氧浓度（ＤＯ）为控制变量、以出水水质为约束条件、以运行费用为性能指标的活性污泥法多变量最优控制的研究问题，并着重进行了基础研究．首先建立了最优控制所必要的基本状态方程与性能指标的泛函表达式．然后通过计算研究了在满足同一出水质量前提下控制不同的ＤＯ浓度时所需要的运行费用．结果表明，ＤＯ为０９ｍｇ／Ｌ时所需运行费用最少，这与主张应当维持ＤＯ浓度大于２ｍｇ／Ｌ的传统观点相比相差甚远；衰减速率常数Ｋｄ不受ＤＯ影响的假设也不合理．     

Anoxic phosphorus removal in a pilot scale anaerobic-anoxic oxidation ditch process

The anaerobic-anoxic oxidation ditch (A²/O OD) process is popularly used to eliminate nutrients from domestic wastewater. In order to identify the existence of denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria (DPB), evaluate the contribution of DPB to biological nutrient removal, and enhance the denitrifying phosphorus removal in the A²/O OD process, a pilot-scale A²/O OD plant (375 L) was conducted. At the same time batch tests using sequence batch reactors (12 L and 4 L) were operated to reveal the significance of anoxic phosphorus removal. The results indicated that: The average removal efficiency of COD, NH₄⁺, PO₄³⁻, and TN were 88.2%, 92.6%, 87.8%, and 73.1%, respectively, when the steady state of the pilotscale A²/O OD plant was reached during 31–73 d, demonstrating a good denitrifying phosphorus removal performance. Phosphorus uptake took place in the anoxic zone by poly-phosphorus accumulating organisms NO₂⁻ could be used as electron receptors in denitrifying phosphorus removal, and the phosphorus uptake rate with NO₂⁻ as the electron receptor was higher than that with NO₃⁻ when the initial concentration of either NO₂⁻ or NO₃⁻ was 40 mg/L.     

自适应人工鱼群-BP神经网络算法在径流预测中的应用

为了提高水库和河流中长期径流预测精度,提出了弹性自适应人工鱼群算法(RAAFSA)。应用RAAFSA算法训练BP神经网络,实现BP神经网络参数优化,形成弹性自适应人工鱼群-BP神经网络混合算法(RAAFSA-BP),对石泉水库进行中长期径流预测。仿真计算表明,弹性自适应人工鱼群优化的BP神经网络算法收敛速度快于BP神经网络算法、人工鱼群-BP神经网络算法和RBF神经网络算法。该混合算法克服了BP神经网络和人工鱼群算法易陷于局部极值、搜索质量差和精度不高的缺点,改善了BP神经网络的泛化能力,输出稳定性好,预报精度显著提高,每次预测相对误差绝对值都小于6%,合格率达到100%。该算法成功地解决了石泉水库中长期径流预测精度不高的难题,可有效用于水库和河川中长期径流预测。     

北京河流水污染现状分析研究

通过总结近年来北京河流中氮磷、有机质和重金属等方面的研究成果,结果表明北运河水系各河段水质均较差,劣Ⅴ类水质的河流长度超过80％,城市河流污染特征明显,主要污染指标为耗氧型有机污染物和氨氮,重金属污染较轻,悬浮物中的重金属占较大的比重;永定河水系枯水期氮污染较重,主要是硝态氮超标,以颗粒态磷为主要形式的磷污染较轻,重金属含量大都低于地表水Ⅲ类标准;潮白河水系水质较好,各水质指标除个别断面外大都满足中Ⅲ类水标准,重金属含量大都符合Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水标准。     

接枝羧基壳聚糖的合成及其对重金属离子的吸附性能

以壳聚糖为基体,经环氧氯丙烷交联,制备了水不溶性交联壳聚糖,然后以Ｆｅ＾２＋－Ｈ２Ｏ２为引发剂,将丙烯腈单体接枝到ＣＣＴＳ分子骨架上,经皂化制得了水溶性接枝羧基壳聚糖聚合物。     

改进取样方法提高含油废水中CODcr值的准确度

化学需氧量(CODcr)和石油类都是中国实施水污染物排放总量控制指标,也是环境监测的常测项目.CODcr是反映水体中受还原性物质主要是有机物污染程度的综合性指标.矿物油和动、植物油统称为油类,是废水中常见的有机污染物,对CODcr的贡献较大.探索水体中CODcr值与油类物质含量之间的相关性,对CODcr值准确性的判断有一定指导意义.改进含油废水的取样方法,有利于提高CODcr测定值的准确性和代表性.     

An online monitoring system for atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO) based on stripping coil and ion chromatography

A new instrument for measuring atmospheric nitrous acid(HONO) was developed,consisting of a double-wall glass stripping coil sampler coupled with ion chromatography(SC-IC).SC-IC is featured by small size(50 × 35 × 25 cm) and modular construction,including three independent parts:the sampling unit,the transfer and supporting unit,and the detection unit.High collection efficiency(> 99%) was achieved with 25 μmol/L Na2CO3 as absorption solution even in the presence of highly acidic compounds.This instrument has a detection limit of 8 pptv at 15 min time resolution,with a measurement uncertainty of 7%.Potential interferences from NOx,NO2+SO2,NO2+VOCs,HONO+O3,HNO3,peroxyacetyl nitrite(PAN) and particle nitrite were quantified in laboratory studies and were found to be insignificant under typical atmospheric conditions.Within the framework of the 3C-STAR project,inter-comparison between the SC-IC and LOPAP(long path liquid absorption photometer) was conducted at a rural site in the Pearl River Delta.Good agreement was achieved between the two instruments over three weeks.Both instruments determined a clear diurnal profile of ambient HONO concentrations from 0.1 to 2.5 ppbv.However,deviations were found for low ambient HONO concentrations(i.e.< 0.3 ppbv),which cannot be explained by previous investigated interference species.To accurately determine the HONO budget under illuminated conditions,more intercomparison of HONO measurement techniques is still needed in future studies,especially at low HONO concentrations.     

Dry deposition velocity of total suspended particles and meteorological influence in four locations in Guangzhou, China

Dry deposition velocity of total suspended particles (TSP) is an effective parameter that describes the speed of atmospheric particulate matter deposit to the natural surface. It is also an important indicator to the capacity of atmosphere self-depuration. However, the spatial and temporal variations in dry deposition velocity of TSP at different urban landscapes and the relationship between dry deposition velocity and the meteorological parameters are subject to large uncertainties. We concurrently investigated this relationship at four different landscapes of Guangzhou, from October to December of 2009. The result of the average dry deposition velocity is (1.49 ± 0.77), (1.44 ± 0.77), (1.13 ± 0.53) and (1.82 ± 0.82) cm/sec for urban commercial landscape, urban forest landscape, urban residential landscape and country landscape, respectively. This spatial variation can be explained by the difference of both particle size composition of TSP and meteorological parameters of sampling sites. Dry deposition velocity of TSP has a positive correlation with wind speed, and a negative correlation with temperature and relative humidity. Wind speed is the strongest factor that affects the magnitude of TSP dry deposition velocity, and the temperature is another considerable strong meteorological factor.We also find out that the relative humidity brings less impact, especially during the dry season. It is thus implied that the current global warming and urban heat island effect may lead to correlative changes in TSP dry deposition velocity, especially in the urban areas.     

旅游诱导下乡村能源消费模式转型与综合效益评估——六盘山旅游扶贫试验区的案例实证

乡村旅游已成为推动中国乡村转型和促进能源消费模式转变的重要动力之一。论文以六盘山国家旅游扶贫试验区为案例,研究了旅游扶贫工程实施后农户家庭能源消费模式转型及其效益变化。结果表明:在农户家庭能源消费由"生活-生产系统"向"生活-旅游系统"的转变过程中,能源利用综合效益显著提升,在促进区域社会经济发展和生态环境改善中发挥着重大的作用。相对于传统农户,乡村旅游农户单位能源产出的经济效益(4.53元/kgce)提高2.86倍,同时实现了生态效益0.11元/kgce和社会效益1.09元/kgce的显著提升。研究也发现,有鉴于乡村旅游能源消费在乡村具有广泛的示范性,这种基于大量商品能源输入的能源消费模式不应是乡村能源消费和旅游业发展所应倡导的,也有悖于国家农村能源政策导向。因此,在乡村旅游发展中,应在充分利用当地既有能源基础上,进一步挖掘生物质能(主要是沼气)和太阳能的潜力,建立以新型能源为主体、传统生物质能和商品能源为辅的能源消费模式。