Fabrication and performance of PET mesh enhanced cellulose acetate membranes for forward osmosis

Polyethylene terephthalate mesh(PET) enhanced cellulose acetate membranes were fabricated via a phase inversion process. The membrane fabrication parameters that may affect the membrane performance were systematically evaluated including the concentration and temperature of the casting polymer solution and the temperature and time of the evaporation, coagulation and annealing processes. The water permeability and reverse salt flux were measured in forward osmosis(FO) mode for determination of the optimal membrane fabrication conditions. The optimal FO membrane shows a typical asymmetric sandwich structure with a mean thickness of about 148.2 μm. The performance of the optimal FO membrane was tested using 0.2 mol/L Na Cl as the feed solution and 1.5 mol/L glucose as the draw solution. The membrane displayed a water flux of 3.47 L/(m2·hr) and salt rejection of95.48% in FO mode. While in pressure retarded osmosis(PRO) mode, the water flux was4.74 L/(m2·hr) and salt rejection 96.03%. The high ratio of water flux in FO mode to that in PRO mode indicates that the fabricated membrane has a lower degree of internal concentration polarization than comparable membranes.     

聚乙烯乙二醇膜处理含油废水的影响因素研究

采用不同截留分子量的聚乙烯乙二醇超滤膜（PEG），在连续错流式操作条件下用于处理乳化液废水，考察了压力、温度对透水率和CODcr去除率的影响。结果表明：超滤膜处理乳化液废水的透水率受操作压力和温度的影响．对于截留分子量为8000的超滤膜。应选择0．3～0．7MPa的操作压力；而对于截留分子量为2500的超滤膜，应选择0．7～1．0MPa的压力；同时，超滤膜的温度范围选择为25～32℃。采用截留分子量2500的聚乙烯乙二醇超滤膜，在温度28℃和压力0．5MPa条件下处理乳化液废水，CODcr去除率可达93％左右。     

强电磁脉冲环境下计算机设备的防护

探讨了强电磁脉冲对计算机设备的损伤机理和破坏作用,介绍了国内外在强电磁脉冲防护领域的研究发展状况,对计算机脉冲防护技术和措施做了详尽的介绍.结合国内外研究现状和发展趋势,建议加强相关领域的研究,并指出今后的研究方向,以提高强电磁脉冲环境下计算机设备的生存能力.     

Pollution of NPEOs in four municipal sewage treatment plants in the north of China

The concentration and distribution of nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs represents the mixture, and NPnEO represents the monomer) and its metabolites in the influent and effluent of four municipal sewage treatment plants (STPs) in the north of China were measured. Moreover, the concentration and distribution of the above chemicals in the sludge of two STPs were also determined, and the transfer and fate of NPEOs in the sewage treatment process were discussed primarily by analyzing the distribution of the products in the effluent and the sludge. The results showed that NPEOs and its metabolites existed in all the samples of the influent, effluent, and sludge. NPEOs were degraded in the sewage treatment process with the removal efficiency in the range of 23.38%–77.11%, or an average of 52.86%. However, the large analogs of NPnEO were only degraded to small ones, whose degradation rate was rather slow, and consequently the degradation was not complete. Hence, the concentrations of some small metabolites, such as nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO), and nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO) were elevated in the effluent. These small metabolites are more toxic than the large NPnEO analogs, and some of them were reported to exhibit environmental endocrine disrupting activity. From this point of view, the process of sewage treatment does not reduce but elevate the risk of NPEOs, which becomes the main source of these small NPnEO in the environment. The sludge exhibited good adsorption ability for NPEOs, especially for the small analogs, which led to the high level of NPEOs in the sludge. Hence, reasonable disposal of the surplus sludge to avoid re-pollution is very important. Translated from Research of Environmental Sciences, 2006, 19(3): 61–66 [译自: 环境科学研究]     

气提式内循环膜生物反应器试验研究

针对膜生物反应器存在的膜污染和能耗高的问题，结合气提式内循环和一体式膜生物反应器处理废水的工艺特点，提出圆柱形套筒气提式内循环膜生物反应器。试验结果表明，同等曝气强度和曝气方式下，气提式内循环膜生物反应器中氧传质系数（KLa）高于一般膜生物反应器；膜间水流流速是一般膜生物反应器的1．53～2．44倍，提高了膜面的水力冲刷作用，可减缓膜污染；对反应器膜过滤性能的考察，表明气提式内循环膜生物反应器较一般膜生物反应器有更好的膜过滤性能和抗污染能力。反应器中添加内循环，污泥活性有所下降，但对实际废水的去除效果影响不大，污泥活性较为稳定。     

聚乙烯醇固定化微生物载体的制备及其对氨氮废水的处理研究

以聚乙烯醇、硼酸、丙三醇、海藻酸钠、戊二醛、碳酸钙为原料制备固定化微生物载体,然后将硝化细菌固定到载体上,用于对水体氨氮的处理。探讨了戊二醛的加入对载体的水溶膨胀性、含水量、化学稳定性、固定化微生物活性的影响;研究了固定化微生物对氨氮去除效果。结果表明,当戊二醛的质量分数为0.3%时,载体的含水量、化学稳定性、固定化微生物活性较好;所制备得到的固定化微生物载体可以较好地固定硝化细菌,对氨氮废水具有较好的处理能力。     

过氧化氢驱动亚铁氧化对施氏矿形成及其吸附As(V)行为的影响研究

酸性矿山废水(Acid mine drainage,AMD)污染区域因pH较低、硫酸盐浓度较高易形成施氏矿,所形成的施氏矿拥有较大的比表面积和丰富的活性位点,是AMD中As的重要沉积库.施氏矿形成过程通常会因亚铁氧化速率变化呈现出不同的微观形貌和理化性质,影响As的迁移和形态转化.通过调控过氧化氢(H₂O₂)滴加方式(一次性添加、0.2 h·mL^-1和1 h·mL^-1)调控Fe(II)氧化速率,形成不同的施氏矿Sch1、Sch2和Sch3,在此基础上探究合成施氏矿结构特性及对As(V)的吸附行为.结果表明：随着H₂O₂滴加速率降低,Fe(II)氧化速率降低,所形成施氏矿的微观形貌从光滑转变为毛刺状晶须表面球形,颗粒粒径增大,比表面积大小顺序为Sch1-1)高于Sch1(118.9 mg·g^-1)和Sch3(130.3 mg·g<...     

五氟磺草胺的光解特性研究

通过室内模拟的试验方法研究了五氟磺草胺在高压汞灯下的光解特性。五氟磺草胺在pH5、7、9的缓冲溶液中光解半衰期分别为23 min、20.6 min、18.7 min,随着pH的升高光解速率加快。在五氟磺草胺浓度为1 mg/kg、2 mg/kg、5 mg/kg的水溶液中半衰期分别为14.2 min、17.5 min、22.1 min,光解速率随着浓度的升高而减慢。在1 g/L、2 g/L的腐殖酸溶液中五氟磺草胺的半衰期分别为6.6 min、4.6 min,其光解速度是水中的4～5倍。五氟磺草胺在0.1 g/L的UV531溶液中半衰期为27.8 min,在0.2 g/L的溶液中半衰期为35.8 min,半衰期比在水溶液中延长60%。     

DBD技术脱除恶臭气体H2S和CS2的可行性

采用DBD技术脱除工业废气中的H₂S和CS₂.12kV的电压下,分压为4kPa的H₂S,放电5s,去除率接近100%;分压为1.33kPa的CS₂,放电15s,其去除率可达80%.H₂S和CS₂的去除率都随其浓度的增加而下降.在实验室研究的基础上,设计了废气处理量为420m³/h、流速为10m/s的DBD净化装置,进行了实际含H₂S和CS₂的工业废气净化研究,H₂S去除率可达89%,能量消耗为5.2W·h/m³.结果表明DBD技术对于处理含硫恶臭工业废气,具有实际应用价值.     

等离子体技术降解茜素红水溶液的机理研究

研究了等离子体在内电极通氧条件下降解水相中茜素红的机理。研究表明:茜素红溶液的降解率与电极位置有关,且在0和22.5mm处出现2个高值。在0和22.5mm 2种电极位置时,茜素红的降解率与等离子体电压、茜素红的浓度、溶液初始pH值、处理时间的变化规律不完全相同。在0处时,茜素红溶液经等离子体放电处理后产物主要是含氧和羟基的小分子物质;在22.5mm时,产物主要是含-CO和含-OH的芳香类物质。研究认为:在内电极位置为0处时主要是高能电子的作用,而在22.5mm处时则是O2被解离产生氧原子,氧原子和高能电子与O2和H2O溶液作用产生O3、OH·、O2-和eaq-等活性物种与茜素红作用而引起其降解。这些结果为等离子体降解有机废水的实际应用提供了信息。