广西环江尾矿重金属形态及其潜在迁移能力分析

以广西环江地区某尾矿库3个区域的尾矿样品为研究对象,在化学成分和矿物成分分析的基础上,运用Dold七步分级化学提取法,研究了Zn,Cd,Pb,As,Sb和Ni 6种重金属的赋存形态特征,并分析了其潜在迁移能力。结果表明,3个区域的尾矿样品均为碳酸盐型金属硫化物尾矿,样品中Zn和Pb的质量浓度较高(分别达4 119.9 mg/kg和3 375.1 mg/kg),Cd和Ni的质量浓度相对较低,As和Sb的质量浓度差别较大(可达191.5 mg/kg和86.5 mg/kg)。形态分析结果表明,Zn和As的迁移性较强,且具有一定的环境风险,Pb,Cd,Sb和Ni相对较稳定。     

UV/O3-Na2S2O8处理活性炭再生冷凝废水效能及机理

过热蒸汽法再生活性炭的过程中会产生大量含难降解有机物的冷凝废水,为去除冷凝废水中难降解COD,提高可生化性,采用紫外/臭氧活化过硫酸盐（UV/O₃-Na₂S₂O₈）氧化体系对活性炭再生冷凝废水进行处理,考察了O₃投加量、初始pH和Na₂S₂O₈投加量等因素对有机物处理效能的影响,并采用红外光谱、紫外-可见光谱和三维荧光等表征手段探究了冷凝废水处理过程中的变化机理。结果表明:当O₃投加量为30 mg/L,pH值为9.0,Na₂S₂O₈投加量为0.4 g/L时,在120 min内对冷凝废水的COD去除率达到82.1%,色度（CN）去除率达到86.3%。冷凝废水可生化性得到提高,BOD₅/COD值由0.17提升至0.46。由冷凝废水溶解性有机物（DOM）的表征可知,DOM中的腐殖质和发色基团被持续氧化,芳构化程度降低,色氨酸类有机物得到有效去除。结论表明,UV/O₃-Na₂S₂O₈氧化体系可有效去除冷凝废水中的难降解有机物。     

Effects of EDTA and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on plant growth and heavy metal uptake of hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii Hance

Phytoremediation is a cost-effective and environment-friendly strategy for decontaminating heavy-metal-contaminated soil. However, the practical use of phytoremediation is constrained by the low biomass of plants and low bioavailability of heavy metals in soil. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of the metal chelator ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and EDTA in combination with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (Burkholderia sp. D54 or Burkholderia sp. D416) on the growth and metal uptake of the hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii Hance. According to the results, EDTA application decreased shoot and root biomass by 50% and 43%, respectively. The soil respiration and Cd, Pb, Zn uptake were depressed, while the photosynthetic rate, glutathione and phytochelatin (PC) contents were increased by EDTA application. Interestingly, Burkholderia sp. D54 and Burkholderia sp. D416 inoculation significantly relieved the inhibitory effects of EDTA on plant growth and soil respiration. Compared with the control, EDTA + D416 treatment increased the Cd concentration in shoots and decreased the Pb concentration in shoots and roots, but did not change the Zn concentration in S. alfredii plants. Furthermore, EDTA, EDTA + D54 and EDTA + D416 application increased the cysteine and PC contents in S. alfredii (p < 0.05); among all tested PCs, the most abundant species was PC2, and compared with the control, the PC2 content was increased by 371.0%, 1158.6% and 815.6%, respectively. These results will provide some insights into the practical use of EDTA and PGPR in the phytoremediation of heavy-metal-contaminated soil by S. alfredii.     

生态模型在水体富营养化研究领域的应用进展

生态模型在水体富营养化研究领域的应用拥有巨大潜力,为帮助初学者尽快掌握近年来生态模型在水体富营养化领域的研究成果,运用CiteSpace梳理了2008-2018年生态模型在水体富营养化领域的应用进展,以期为生态模型在水环境领域的广泛应用提供参考.以WoS（Web of Science）核心库收录1 523篇文献和CNKI（中国知网）数据库收录的3 779篇文献为样本数据源,通过可视化分析软件CiteSpace进行相应的数据挖掘和计量分析,提炼出生态模型在水体富营养化领域应用进展、前沿热点、演化路径和未来趋势.采用文献调研、分类梳理的方法,系统地分析和总结了EFDC系列模型、CE-QUAL-W2模型、DYRESM-CAEDYM模型、AQUATOX模型、Vollenweider（VOL）模型、PCLake模型、MIKE系列模型、WASP模型在水体富营养化领域应用现状、局限性、不确定性来源及注意事项.结果表明:2008-2018年国外研究应用热点主要涉及富营养化、营养盐循环对水生态系统的影响、气候变化及富营养化水体的管理等领域;国内热点研究则主要集中在水体富营养化问题相关领域应用.研究显示,新型试验数据的采集与获取（遥感数据、高频传感器）、大数据、数据-模型耦合及数据同化、生态建模之间耦合等应用是未来发展趋势.      

一次性塑料制品的替代管理策略研究

一次性塑料是指生产生活中使用一次或几乎不重复利用的塑料,约占塑料总消费量的50%,是塑料制品的重要构成部分.近年来,随着电子商务的兴起,一次性塑料的生产和消费量迅速增长.随着人们对塑料以及由此引起的微塑料污染危害的认识不断提高,国际社会对削减一次性塑料污染的呼声日益高涨,迫切需要开发可持续、环境友好的替代品以减少一次性塑料的消费量.从全球范围来看,一次性塑料制品替代主要包括非塑料材料替代和可生物降解塑料材料替代两大类.建议我国尽快完善相关立法和标准,鼓励一次性塑料制品替代并加强替代产品的质量监管;为一次性塑料制品替代提供差别化的产业政策,提高环境友好替代产品的市场竞争力,同时还应将一次性塑料制品的环境治理成本纳入其价格成本;鼓励科技创新,研发更具市场竞争力的替代材料和产品;最后,还要唤起社会公众的共同参与,主动选择替代产品并减少一次性塑料制品的使用,才能从源头上解决塑料垃圾的污染问题.      

Cu同位素示踪技术应用于环境领域的研究进展

精准鉴别重金属污染来源是重金属污染防治研究中的关键问题。在污染来源交错复杂的环境中,传统以多元统计分析重金属污染种类、浓度、形态及空间分布特征的方法无法正确评估其污染来源与迁移途径。采用稳定同位素源解析的分析手段是对重金属污染进行源解析的最佳手段之一。文章系统介绍Cu同位素源解析的示踪原理与方法,进一步阐述其相关理论与研究进展,并在单一同位素无法判别污染来源的情况下,补充论述Cu同位素与其他非传统稳定同位素联用的源解析应用实例,最终提出现今同位素源解析的研究趋势与未来展望,对当前环境领域内的重金属污染防治工作具有重要意义.     

金属离子屏蔽腐殖酸对污泥厌氧消化抑制作用实验研究

以实验室培养、几乎不含腐殖质和金属离子的剩余污泥为研究对象,选择与市政污泥中腐殖酸特征相近的市售腐殖酸作为外加填充腐殖质,通过投加外源金属离子实验研究屏蔽腐殖质对污泥厌氧消化过程的抑制作用.结果表明,单独投加Ca2+与Al3+可分别获得65.4%和65.7%的屏蔽抑制率;Ca2++Al3+组合投加效果更佳,可获得高达80.1%的屏蔽抑制率,具有"1+12"的屏蔽抑制效果.然而,过高的金属离子含量(或组合含量)不仅无助于进一步提高屏蔽抑制效果,反而会因抑制微生物活性而导致屏蔽抑制率下降.Ca2+通过阳离子交换产生屏蔽抑制作用,而Al3+主要靠静电作用和网捕卷扫作用产生屏蔽效果.在屏蔽腐殖酸抑制方面,三价金属离子好于二价金属离子的原因是两者的静电作用力大小、作用方式、环境效果不尽相同.     

西安市某文教区典型下垫面径流污染特征

在西安市某文教区路面、屋面和绿地设置径流采样点,采用人工时间间隔采样法对2016年8月~2017年2月的3场降雨径流和2场融雪径流全程采样,测试径流过程SS、COD、TN、TP、Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Ni、Cr、PAHs、溶解态COD、溶解态重金属和溶解态PAHs的浓度以及颗粒物粒径d₅₀,研究各下垫面降雨径流污染水平及出流规律,比较不同下垫面降雨径流和融雪径流污染特征.结果表明,各类下垫面降雨径流主要污染物均为SS、COD、TN、Pb、Cr,路面和绿地径流中SS的EMCs均超过《污水综合排放标准》二级标准,3类下垫面降雨径流COD、TN、Pb、Cr的EMCs均超出《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类标准,PAHs与国内相关研究相比属于中等污染水平,路面、屋面和绿地径流的EMC分别为266.8~389.8ng/L、254.9~303.0ng/L和231.2ng/L.路面径流SS、COD、Zn、Pb、Cu、PAHs浓度高于屋面径流,而TN、TP、Cr等指标则相反,表明径流中TN、TP、Cr主要源于大气干湿沉降,而交通排污对SS、COD、Zn、Pb、Cu、PAHs等有较大输入贡献.3类下垫面降雨径流污染浓度输出规律差异显著,路面径流污染物初期浓度较大,受雨期交通排污影响中后段波动剧烈,屋面径流污染物浓度随径流历时持续降低且趋于稳定,绿地径流污染物浓度沿程变化相对较小.降雨强度对总量污染物浓度输出的影响大于溶解态污染物,表现为d₅₀与降雨强度呈现良好的相关性.因降雪期间污染物持续累积且径流量较小,路面融雪径流污染物浓度远大于降雨径流,而屋面融雪径流因流量较小导致携带污染物的能力较弱故水质优于降雨径流.     

Mercury in soil, vegetable and human hair in a typical mining area in China: Implication for human exposure

Concentrations of total mercury(T-Hg) and methylmercury(MeHg) in soil, vegetables, and human hair were measured in a mercury mining area in central China. T-Hg and MeHg concentrations in soil ranged from 1.53 to 1054.97 mg/kg and 0.88 to 46.52 μg/kg, respectively.T-Hg concentrations was correlated with total organic carbon(TOC) content(R~2= 0.50, p0.01)and pH values(R~2= 0.21, p0.05). A significant linear relationship was observed between MeHg concentrations and the abundance of sulfate-reducing bacteria(SRB)(R~2= 0.39, p0.05) in soil.Soil incubation experiments amended with specific microbial stimulants and inhibitors showed that Hg methylation was derived from SRB activity. T-Hg and MeHg concentrations in vegetables were 24.79 – 781.02 μg/kg and 0.01 – 0.18 μg/kg, respectively; levels in the edible parts were significantly higher than in the roots(T-Hg: p0.05; MeHg: p0.01). Hg species concentrations in rhizosphere soil were positively correlated to those in vegetables(p0.01), indicating that soil was an important source of Hg in vegetables. Risk assessment indicated that the consumption of vegetables could result in higher probable daily intake(PDI) of T-Hg than the provisional tolerable daily intake(PTDI) for both adults and children. In contrast, the PDI of MeHg was lower than the reference dose. T-Hg and MeHg concentrations in hair samples ranged from 1.57 to 12.61 mg/kg and 0.04 to 0.94 mg/kg, respectively, and MeHg concentration in hair positively related to PDI of MeHg via vegetable consumption(R~2= 0.39, p0.05), suggesting that vegetable may pose health risk to local residents.     

Effects of tourmaline on nitrogen removal performance and biofilm structures in the sequencing batch biofilm reactor

The effects of tourmaline on nitrogen removal performance and biofilm structures were comparatively investigated in two identical laboratory-scale sequencing batch biofilm reactors(SBBRs)(denoted SBBR1 and SBBR2) at different nitrogen loading rates(NLRs) varying from(0.24 ± 0.01) to(1.26 ± 0.02) g N/(L·day). SBBR1 was operated in parallel with SBBR2, but SBBR1 was filled with polyurethane foam loaded tourmaline(TPU) carriers and another(SBBR2) filled with polyurethane foam(PU) carriers. Results obtained from this study showed that the excellent and stable performance of SBBR1 was obtained. Ammonia nitrogen removal and total nitrogen removal were higher in SBBR1 than that in SBBR2 with increase of NLR. At an NLR of(0.24 ± 0.01) g N/(L·day), the majority of the spherical and elliptical bacteria were surrounded by the extracellular polymeric substance(EPS) and bacillus or filamentous bacteria in two SBBRs biofilms. When NLR increased to(1.26 ± 0.02) g N/(L·day), the clusters were more obvious in the SBBR1 biofilm than that in the SBBR2 biofilm. Bacteria in SBBR1 were inclined to synthesis more EPS, and the formed EPS could protect the bacteria from free ammonia(FA) under extreme condition NLR(1.26 ± 0.02) g N/(L·day). The results of polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis showed that the microbial community similarity in SBBR2 decreased more obviously than that in SBBR1 with the increase of NLR, which the microbial community in SBBR1 was relatively stable.