Atmospheric deposition of pesticides to an agricultural watershed of the Chesapeake Bay

The Choptank River watershed, located on the Delmarva Peninsula of the Chesapeake Bay, is dominated by agricultural land use, which makes it vulnerable to runoff and atmospheric deposition of pesticides. Agricultural and wildlife areas are in close proximity and off-site losses of pesticides may contribute to toxic effects on sensitive species of plants and animals. High-volume air samples (n = 31) and event-based rain samples (n = 71) were collected from a single location in the watershed representing regional background conditions. Surface water samples were collected from eight stations in the tidal portion of the river on five occasions during 2000. Chlorothalonil, metolachlor, atrazine, simazine, endosulfan, and chlorpyrifos were frequently detected in the air and rain, with maximal concentrations during the period when local or regional crops were planted. The wet deposition load to the watershed was estimated at 150 +/- 16, 61 +/- 7, and 51 +/- 6 kg yr(-1) for chlorothalonil, metolachlor, and atrazine, respectively. The high wet deposition load compared with the estimated annual usage for chlorothalonil (13%) and endosulfan (14-90%) suggests an atmospheric source from outside the watershed. Net air-water gas exchange fluxes for metolachlor varied from -44 +/- 19 to 9.3 +/- 4.1 ng m(-2) d(-1) with negative values indicating net deposition. Wet deposition accounted for 3 to 20% of the total metolachlor mass in the Choptank River and was a more important source to the river than gas exchange. Estimates of herbicide flux presented here are probably a low estimate and actual rates may be significantly higher in areas closer to pesticide application.     

关于建立环保型矿产资源产业链的设想

将供应链理论应用于矿产资源产业，围绕某种矿产资源的勘查、开发、利用、回收再利用，从政府宏观管理角度出发，设想建立起完整的环保型矿产资源（矿产品）产业链，政府部门制定、实施相关措施和政策对矿产资源（矿产品）产业链进行管理，并与区域发展战略规划相结合，实现建立环保型矿产资源（矿产品）产业链的目的：对矿产资源综合开发利用，提高矿产利用率；预防和减少开发利用对生态环境的污染，缓解我国经济发展中矿产资源不足和生态环境压力，实现国民经济的可持续发展。     

Effects of cadmium on intracellular cation homoeostasis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Previous studies have demonstrated that cadmium can induce biochemical and physiological changes in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, studies on the influence of cadmium on the ion balance in the cell and the interaction between cadmium and other ions are still relatively few in number. By using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry, the contents of some cations, including Zn²⁺, Ca²⁺, Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺ were measured. The data showed that the levels of Zn²⁺ and Fe³⁺ were increased, while those of Cu²⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺ were decreased after cadmium treatment. Afterwards, using the drop test assay, the interactions between cadmium and the selected ions were investigated. The results suggested that the cytotoxicity of cadmium could be attributable to the interference of cadmium with the intracellular cation homoeostasis. Calcium channel transporter Cch1 participates in the intracellular uptake of cadmium. Additionally, Zn²⁺, Ca²⁺, Fe³⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺ can rescue the toxic effect of cadmium in yeast.     

甘河着生藻类群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

2018年8月(丰水期),在嫩江支流甘河,调查了19个点位的着生藻类群落结构和水环境特征。并运用聚类分析、Mcnaughton优势度分析和IBD(biological diatom index,硅藻生物指数)3种方法研究了甘河着生硅藻群落结构和优势种清洁状况,使用主成分分析、Spearman相关分析和冗余分析等统计分析方法研究了甘河着生硅藻群落和环境因子的响应关系。结果表明:甘河共鉴定出着生藻类90种(属),以硅藻门、绿藻门和蓝藻门为主,生物量丰富。丰水期甘河水生态环境质量状况较为健康,着生硅藻主要由清洁种构成,其中Achnanthidium minutissimum优势度0.48,为绝对优势种。聚类分析结果表明,甘河采样点位可分为3组;其中组1和组2点位主要位于甘河上、中游,上、中游水质、生境质量较好,健康程度较高,优势种均为清洁种,上游Achnanthidium minutissimum优势度达到了0.64;组3点位均位于甘河下游,下游人为干扰较强,健康程度较其余两组偏低,Nitzschia palea和Nitzschia paleaeformis等耐污种在组3的优势度较高。导致甘河着生硅藻群落清洁度由上游到下游逐渐变差的主要水环境因子为电导率、总磷和高锰酸盐指数,其中影响中游硅藻群落结构变化的主要水环境因子为高锰酸盐指数,影响下游硅藻群落结构变化的主要水环境因子为电导率和总磷。由此可见,着生硅藻群落可以较好的指示甘河流域水体有机污染程度和营养富集程度。     

Effects and mechanisms of meta-sodium silicate amendments on lead uptake and accumulation by rice

The objectives of this research were to study the effects of Na₂SiO₃ application on the uptake, translocation, and accumulation of Pb in rice and to investigate the mechanisms of Pb immobilization by Na₂SiO₃ in paddy rice soils and rice plants. Pot experiments were conducted using a Cd-Pb-Zn-polluted soil and Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica cv. Donglian 5. L₃-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy was used to identify Pb species in soils and roots. The results showed that the application of Na₂SiO₃ increased soil pH and available soil Si but decreased DTPA-extractable Pb in the soil. High dose of Na₂SiO₃ (12.5 g/kg) reduced the Pb level in brown rice as it inhibited Pb transfer from soil to rice grains, especially Pb transfer from the root to the stem. The Pb X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopic analysis revealed that application of high dose of Na₂SiO₃ increased Pb-ferrihydrite and PbSiO₃ precipitates in the soil and in the root while it reduced Pb-humic acids (Pb-HAs) in the soil and Pb-pectin in the root. The decrease in Pb availability in the soil can be partly attributed to increase the precipitation of PbSiO₃ and the association of Pb²⁺ with Fe oxides in the soil. The inhibition of the root-to-stem translocation of Pb was partially due to the precipitation of PbSiO₃ on the root surfaces or inside the roots.     

陶瓷厂喷雾干燥塔白烟形成的机理及解决措施

针对陶瓷厂烟囱冒“白烟”,造成环境污染的现象,提出了“降温法”和“升温法”两种治理方案,并对“升温法”方案建立了数学模型,通过数值求解,得到需要升高的最小临界温度值。计算结果已用于陶瓷厂烟气治理中,验证了其正确性。     

某石化工业园区大气中VOCs垂直分布的无人机监测研究

利用无人机对某石化工业园区地面至100 m大气中的VOCs进行监测,通过不同高度数据对比,总结该石化工业园区挥发性有机物的垂直分布特征,并分析其化学反应活性.监测结果表明,VOCs体积分数和总臭氧生成潜势随高度增加均呈下降趋势,地面和15～30 m高度的VOCs浓度及臭氧生成潜势基本一致.主要VOCs物种浓度垂直分布特...     

人造硬壳层软土地基处理法的试验研究和理论分析

目前国内建成的大部分高等级道路都采用高填路基。高填路基由于填土较高,相应成本也较高,并且会对道路的质量造成不良的影响,特别是在软土地基上修建高等级公路,还需对软土地基进行加固处理,更增加了建设成本。本文提出了人造硬壳层的方法来处理软土地基,可降低路基高度,减少建设成本。通过对人造硬壳层室内试验、现场测试和采用合适的力学计算模型对人造硬壳层的计算表明,采用人造硬壳层法处理软土地基在技术上是可行的,同时在经济上相对于其它常用处理方法有比较大的优势。     

脉冲电絮凝处理电镀含铬废水的实验研究

常规方法处理电镀废水都有较明显的缺陷,而脉冲电絮凝技术在处理效果、运行成本及可操作性方面有较大的优势。实验表明,当调节进水pH＝4、极板间电压为2.5 V,停留时间(HRT)为15 min,电流密度为25 A/m²时,系统处于最佳状态,铬离子去除率保持在99.5％以上,达到排放标准。     

Cesium and strontium sorption by selected tropical and subtropical soils around nuclear facilities

The dynamics of Cs and Sr sorption by soils, especially in the subtropics and tropics, as influenced by soil components are not fully understood. The rates and capacities of Cs and Sr sorption by selected subtropical and tropical soils in Taiwan were investigated to facilitate our understanding of the transformation and dynamics of Cs and Sr in soils developed under highly weathering intensity. The Langmuir isotherms and kinetic rates of Cs and Sr sorption on the Ap1 and Bt1 horizons of the Long-Tan (Lt) and the A and Bt1 horizons of the Kuan-Shan (Kt), Mao-Lin (Tml) and Chi-Lo (Cl) soils were selected for this study. Air-dried soil (<2 mm) samples were reacted with of 7.5 × 10⁻⁵ to 1.88 × 10⁻³ M of CsCl (pH 4.0) or 1.14 × 10⁻⁴ to 2.85 × 10⁻³ M of SrCl₂ (pH 4.0) solutions at 25 °C. The sorption maximum capacity (q_m) of Cs by the Ap1 and Bt1 horizons of the Lt soil (62.24 and 70.70 mmol Cs kg⁻¹ soil) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those by the A and Bt1 horizons of the Kt and Cl soils (26.46 and 27.49 mmol Cs kg⁻¹ soil in Kt soil and 34.83 and 29.96 mmol Cs kg⁻¹ soil in Cl soil, respectively), however, the sorption maximum capacity values of the Lt and Tml soils did not show significant differences. The amounts of pyrophosphate extractable Fe (Fe_p) were correlated significantly with the Cs and Sr sorption capacities (for Cs sorption, r² = 0.97, p < 1.0 × 10⁻⁴; for Sr sorption, r² = 0.82, p < 2.0 × 10⁻³). The partition coefficient of radiocesium sorbed on soil showed the following order: Cl soil ? Kt soil > Tml soil > Lt soil. It was due to clay minerals. The second-order kinetic model was applied to the Cs and Sr sorption data. The rate constant of Cs or Sr sorption on the four soils was substantiality increased with increasing temperature. This is attributable to the availability of more energy for bond breaking and bond formation brought about by the higher temperatures. The rate constant of Cs sorption at 308 K was 1.39-2.09 times higher than that at 278 K in the four soils. The activation energy of Cs and Sr sorbed by the four soils ranged from 7.2 to 16.7 kJ mol⁻¹ and from 15.2 to 22.4 kJ mol⁻¹, respectively. Therefore, the limiting step of the Cs⁺ or Sr²⁺ sorption on the soils was diffusion-controlled processes. The reactive components, which are significantly correlated with the Langmuir sorption maxima of Cs and Sr by these soils, substantially influenced their kinetic rates of Cs and Sr sorption. The data indicate that among components of the subtropical and tropical soils studied, short-range ordered sesquioxides especially Al- and Fe-oxides complexed with organics play important roles in influencing their capacity and dynamics of Cs and Sr sorption.