杉木优良无性系苗造林的效益估算

未来的林业是无性系林业,优良无性系苗造林能把种源选择,种子园的遗传改进、杂交育种、个体选择等成果择其最优部分加以基因复制、利用,从而获得较高的增产效益。本文介绍了12个杉木优良无性系造林后各因子的遗传力和遗传增益。估算了12个优良无性系造林的效益。     

Concentrations of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in needles of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana L.) growing nearby different industrial sources

Emissions from industrial activities pose a serious threat to human health and impose the need for monitoring both inorganic and organic pollutants in industrial areas.We selected Masson pine (Pinus massoniana L.) as potential biomonitor and collected the current (C) and previous year (C+1) needles from three industrial sites dominated by petrochemical,ceramics manufacturing,and iron and steel smelting plants and one remote site to determine heavy metals (Cu,Cd,Pb,Zn,Cr,Ni and Co) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in unwashed and water-washed needles.Both unwashed and washed C+1 needles showed generally higher concentrations of heavy metals and PAHs than C needles,although the washed needles more clearly spotlighted the accumulation effect of PAHs over exposure time.Water-washing resulted in a significant decrease in needle PAH concentrations with more significant effects shown in C needles.By contrast,needle heavy metal concentrations were much less affected by washing.Although heavy metals and PAHs might differ in adsorption and uptake strategies,their higher concentrations in the needles at the industrial sites indicated conspicuous contamination due to industrial emissions there,The PAH distribution patterns in pine needles accorded with the real types of energy consumption in the study sites and were efficiently used for pinpointing local pollutant sources.     

SBR处理制药废水影响因素的研究

结合工程实际采用水解酸化-SBR工艺处理制药废水,处理水量为2 000 m3/d。SBR对CODcr的处理率稳定在92.2%～95.8%间,平均为94.23%,对氨氮的去除率在82.7%～97.6%,平均去除率达到90.73%。水解酸化-SBR稳定运行后,系统出水各项指标均达到国家《污水综合排放标准》(8978-1996)二级排放标准。运行结果表明,SBR运行最佳参数为:曝气时间8小时,污泥负荷控制0.23～0.28(kg CODcr/kg MLSS.d),温度26℃～30℃。该工艺用于处理高浓度制药废水效果稳定,耐冲击负荷高。     

磷矿山清洁生产评价指标权重最优设计研究

如何科学、准确地确定磷矿山清洁生产评价中各评价指标权重对磷矿山清洁生产评价具有极其重要的意义。因此,为了避免评价结果出现误差,本文通过对行业专家咨询调整不同准则层(或可调整的指标层)中指标所占的权重来确定最优化生产成本,实现集约生产,实现磷矿山企业利润最大化。这一设计方案的提出可为中国清洁生产水平进行准确的评价提供参考。     

Dynamics and origin of PM2.5 during a three-year sampling period in Beijing, China

Systematic sampling and analysis were performed to investigate the dynamics and the origin of suspended particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM(2.5)), in Beijing, China from 2005 to 2008. Identifying the source of PM(2.5) was the main goal of this project, which was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). The concentrations of 19 elements, black carbon (BC) and the total mass in 158 weekly PM(2.5) samples were measured. The statistical evaluation of the data from factor analysis (FA) identifies four main sources responsible for PM(2.5) in Beijing: (1) a combination of long-range transport geogenic soil particles, geogenic-like particles from construction sites and the anthropogenic emissions from steel factories; (2) road traffic, industry emissions and domestic heating; (3) local re-suspended soil particles; (4) re-suspended particles from refuse disposal/landfills and uncontrolled dumped waste. Special attention has been paid to seven high concentration "episodes", which were further analyzed by FA, enrichment factor analysis (EF), elemental signatures and backward-trajectory analysis. These results suggest that long-range transport soil particles contribute much to the high concentration of PM(2.5) during dust days. This is supported by mineral analysis which showed a clear imprint of component in PM(2.5). Furthermore, the ratios of Mg/Al have been proved to be a good signature to trace back different source areas. The Pb/Ti ratio allows the distinction between periods of predominant anthropogenic and geogenic sources during high concentration episodes. Backward-trajectory analysis clearly shows the origins of these episodes, which partly corroborate the FA and EF results. This study is only a small contribution to the understanding of the meteorological and source driven dynamics of PM(2.5) concentrations.     

工业污染用地转为建设用地的处置方案研究

针对安徽省某市某房地产开发项目建在工业遗留污染用地上的区域土壤进行污染分析及处置方案的探讨。根据检测报告和现场考察,确定项目区内土壤受到对硫磷的污染。通过对对硫磷的危害迁移、挥发特性分析并比较对污染土壤处置方案,项目区考虑采用换土方法进行污染处理,并对挖出后的土壤进行合理处置,建议项目区内换土深度为0.6 m,其中建筑物没有地下室则不考虑换土,并对小区围墙基础加深至0.8 m,以免周边土壤中污染物随渗流对项目区的影响。项目区内污染土壤进行处置时,可以考虑分别进行处置,污染严重的区域按危险废物进行处置,其他区域进行简单处理用作道路或建筑物基础用土,或者放到山区林地里,以节约处置费用。     

关于促进环保产业发展的经济政策研究

中国目前的经济、政策环境及环保市场决定了环保产业正迎来快速发展的良好契机,但现有对环保产业的经济扶持政策还不完善,存在刺激力度不大、范围较窄、资金缺口大且来源单一等问题。为解决目前中国环保产业所面临的一系列"瓶颈"问题,下一步,应重点从财政、税收、金融以及价格收费等4个方面入手,完善对环保产业的经济扶持政策,直接或间接刺激其快速发展,使其成为支柱性产业。     

紫外辐射增强对麦二叉蚜发生量的影响

研究春小麦大田栽培自然光条件下,模拟紫外辐射（ＵＶ－Ｂ,２９０￣３１５ｎｍ）分别增加２．５４、４．２５及５．３１ｋＪ·ｍ＾－２对小麦（寄生虫麦二叉蚜（Ｓｃｈｉｚａｐｈｉｓ ｇｒａｍｉｎｕｍ）的发生、种群密度、繁殖系数等方面的影响。结果表明麦二叉蚜的种群密度与其当年的发生量密切相关,并且种群密度随着ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射强度的增加明显降低,但对麦二叉蚜的繁殖特性没有显著的抑制作用。因此认为,未来臭氧层减薄紫外     

北京市公园道路粉尘Cu,Pb,Zn含量及其污染评价

通过对北京市12个具代表性公园的道路粉尘取样调查,测定了粉尘中常量元素Fe,Ca,Mg,K及重金属Cu,Pb,Zn的质量分数以及pH值。结果表明,公园道路粉尘与表层土壤中的Fe,Ca,Mg,K的质量分数和pH值都非常接近,性质相似;公园道路粉尘中存在着一定的Cu,Pb,Zn含量积累现象,尤以Pb,Zn明显。综合污染指数大小的规律,总体上是市区公园道路粉尘高于市郊,市中心景山公园道路粉尘的污染指数最高。聚类分析结果显示,公园的聚类与其所处的交通位置关系密切。公园道路粉尘Cu,Pb,Zn质量分数的相关性较好,表明交通是造成公园道路粉尘中Cu,Pb和Zn含量积累的重要因素。      

基于地理探测器的广州市大气PM2.5浓度驱动因素分析

PM_2.5变化的驱动因素是大气PM_2.5研究的重要内容.为了揭示PM_2.5污染的特点及其驱动影响因子,以广州市为例,采用地理探测器方法探测自然因素(包括平均降水量、平均温度、平均气压、平均相对湿度、平均风速、植被指数)与社会经济因素(包括人口密度、国内生产总值、工业总产值、人均公园绿地面积、公交车辆数、电力消费量)对2015年广州市ρ(PM_2.5)变化的影响机制与差异.结果表明:①基于因子探测分析发现,对ρ(PM_2.5)变化影响最大的前三位驱动因素分别为植被指数、公交车辆数与电力消费量,对应的因子影响程度指标值分别为0.51、0.46、0.40.②基于生态探测分析发现,植被指数与其他自然因素(如平均温度、平均降水量、平均气压等)对ρ(PM_2.5)空间分布的影响均存在显著差异,与所有社会经济因素对ρ(PM_2.5)空间分布的影响均不存在显著差异;除植被指数外,公交车辆数与其他自然因素及社会经济因素对ρ(PM_2.5)空...