生物炭耦合菌剂去除污染水体中的苯胺

为了更有效地去除突发性污染水体中的致毒有机化合物,采用生物炭耦合微生物技术对污染水体中的苯胺进行了去除研究。首先,以柚皮为原料,利用高温裂解制备法,通过优化裂解温度和裂解时间,制备得到生物炭;进而,探明生物炭对苯胺的吸附特性与机制;最后,以体积比1:1制得Comamonas sp.TZ1和Pseudomonas sp.JH1混合菌剂,接种至生物炭反应器(R1)中构建生物炭耦合微生物反应器(R2),考察其对苯胺的处理效果。结果表明:生物炭较适宜的制备条件为裂解温度600 ℃和裂解时间2 h;对苯胺的吸附过程符合Freundlich等温方程,属于多分子层吸附;在连续动态运行18 d过程中,当水体中苯胺初始浓度分别由50 mg/L降至10 mg/L和10 mg/L降至5 mg/L时,R1中所吸附的苯胺因浓度差驱动作用重新进入水体,去除率分别为-194%和-21.19%,而R2则能一直呈现较好的去除效果。     

化学强化-复合人工湿地组合工艺对东莞运河污水的处理效果

通过采用混凝法的化学强化预处理单元和以水平潜流-折流型潜流复合人工湿地作为后续深度处理单元,对东莞运河进行了为期半年以上的示范工程运行实验研究。实验结果表明,经过化学强化法的作用,去除了大量的颗粒悬浮物,对进水水体中的COD、BOD5和TP有明显去除,其去除率分别为28.23%、20.65%和30.41%~72.16%,但对NH4+-N、TN的处理不够理想;经过复合人工湿地后COD、BOD5、TP、NH4+-N和TN的总去除率分别达到65.53%、57.55%、88.66%、60.94%和29.48%,说明该组合工艺对COD、BOD5、TP和NH4+-N均有较好的处理效果,但对TN的去除率仍不高,主要原因是湿地系统溶解氧较高,限制了反硝化去除TN的作用。从总体处理效果来看,化学强化-复合人工湿地组合工艺对东莞运河污水有良好的处理效果,具有广阔的应用前景。     

两段式蚯蚓强化快速渗滤系统的试验研究

通过分析不同水力负荷下两段式蚯蚓强化快速渗滤系统进出水水质以及堵塞问题,研究水力负荷对两段式蚯蚓强化快速渗滤系统污水处理效果的影响.试验结果表明,陶粒柱中,当水力负荷从2 m3/(m2·d)提高到6 m2/(m2·d)时,COD去除率下降.水力负荷对出水污泥SS的影响不显著,但出水污泥VSS/SS却与水力负荷呈极显著正相关;煤渣桂中,水力负荷提高对有机物去除效果有一定的影响,但影响程度较小.随水力负荷的提高,煤渣柱出水NH4 -N浓度逐渐升高.其平均去除率分别为74.51%,58.21%、45.53%,下降趋势明显;由于陶粒柱中蚯蚓的作用和陶粒柱的预处理作用,在提高水力负荷的情况下,陶粒柱和煤渣柱均未发生堵塞问题,装置运行稳定.     

Characteristics of environmental factors and their effects on CH4 and CO2 emissions from a closed landfill: An ecological case study of Shanghai

To elucidate the influence of landfill gas (LFG) emission on environmental factors, an ecological investigation that was primarily concerned with the characteristics of vegetation, cover soil, and solid waste in the landfill was carried out. Temporal and spatial variations in vegetation diversity and coverage and their effects on reducing the emission of methane in the landfill were investigated. The results showed that both vegetation coverage and diversity increased with elapsed landfill closure time. The transition trend of the vegetation species was from perennial plant (Phragmites australis) to annual plants. Perennial vegetation was the dominant type of vegetation during the early closure period, and annual vegetation coverage increased with closure time. Vegetation preferentially appeared in areas of comparatively high depth of cover soil, which was characterized by high moisture retentiveness that enabled vegetation growth. The concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide in the cover soil significantly decreased with increasing closure time. The concentrations of methane and carbon dioxide from bare cover soil were higher than those from vegetated cover soil whereas the CO₂ flux of bare cover soil was less than that of vegetated cover soil.     

旅游景区标识系统的个性化实现路径研究——以三峡车溪民俗旅游区为例

旅游景区标识系统在展示景区形象、引导和管理旅游者、提升旅游者体验等方面具有重要作用,规范化与个性化是其设计的基本要求.在阐明景区标识系统的个性化内涵基础上,探讨了基于文化符号的个性化实现路径;以三峡车溪民俗旅游区为例,对其标识系统进行了个性化改进设计,以期为景区标识系统个性化建设提供理论指导和经验借鉴.     

Trace metals in surface sediments of the Taiwan Strait: geochemical characteristics and environmental indication

The concentration and geochemical fractionation of six trace metals related with environmental quality assessment, namely Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, in 30 surface sediments from both inshore and offshore areas of the Taiwan Strait were measured to investigate their distribution characteristics, evaluate their potential mobility, and assess their pollution status. The geoaccumulation index results indicated that, on average, the studied metals presented an order of Cd?>?Pb?>?Ni?>?Zn?>?Cu?>?Cr and were practically in uncontaminated status except Cd. The results of the sequential extraction analysis indicated that, on average, the studied metals were mostly accumulated in residual fraction except Cd whose concentration was the highest in the acid soluble fraction presenting a high risk to the environment, and their mobility decreased in the sequence of Cd?>?Pb?>?Ni?>?Cu?>?Zn?>?Cr. Based on the mean probable effect level quotients, the combination of the studied metals had an 8 % probability of being toxic at two sampling sites and had a 21 % probability of being toxic at the rest of sites. The spatial distribution of the studied metals in total concentrations and different geochemical fractions corroborated the previous findings about the possible sediment transportation routes in and around the Taiwan Strait.     

基于概率论和BP网络的水质评价与灰色动态预测模型

讨论了BP网络模型存在的不足。提出了建立合理的BP网络模型的基本原则和步骤。针对水质评价与预测问题。通过在各类水质污染指标浓度区间内生成随机分布样本的方法。组成足够多用于BP网络训练、检验和泛化能力评定用的样本。建立了南京市秦淮外河水体水质评价的BP网络模型：给出了区分不同类别水质的模型分界值样本和模型输出分界值。用概率分布理论分析处于相邻类别水质过渡状态水体的水质属性。建立的水质评价模型应用于实例表明。南京市秦淮外河水体1991—1996年水质为V类向IV类转变。1992年水质最差，1996年水质最好。灰色动态预测模型计算表明。从1997到2001年。南京市秦淮外河水体水质逐年变好。     

Statistical hypothesis testing formulations for U.S. environmental regulatory standards for ozone

Environmental regulatory standards are intended to protect human health and environmental welfare. Current standards are based on scientific and policy considerations but appear to lack rigorous statistical foundations and may have unintended regulatory consequences. We examine current and proposed U.S. environmental regulatory standards for ozone from the standpoint of their formulation and performance within a statistical hypothesis testing framework. We illustrate that the standards can be regarded as representing constraints on a percentile of the ozone distribution, where the percentile involved depends on the defined length of ozone season and the constraint is stricter in regions with greater variability. A hypothesis testing framework allows consideration of error rates (probability of false declaration of violation and compliance) and we show that the existing statistics on which the standards are based can be improved upon in terms of bias and variance. Our analyses also raise issues relating to network design and the possibilities of defining a regionally based standard that acknowledges and accounts for spatial and temporal variability in the ozone distribution.     

试论资源战略

本文从资源战略研究的两个相互联系的方面展开讨论,第一部分论述了资源战略评价的基本公式与三大要点,即总体评价、相关评价和潜力评价;第二部分首次提出资源战略决策的程序,包括开发利用方向、开发利用规模、开发利用布局、开发利用时序、开发利用方式和资源保护等不同层次的内容,构成资源开发决策的完整体系。全文系统地阐述了资源战略研究的中心内容和基本方法,客观地反映了资源战略研究的规律性。