Emission of volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs) during aerobic decomposition of food wastes

Food wastes collected from typical urban residential communities were investigated for the emission of volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSCs) during laboratory-controlled aerobic decomposition in an incubator for a period of 41 days. Emission of VOSCs from the food wastes totaled 409.9 mg kg^?1 (dry weight), and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), methyl 2-propenyl disulfide, carbonyl sulfide and methyl 1-propenyl sulfide were the five most abundant VOSCs, with shares of 75.5%, 13.5%, 4.8%, 2.2% and 1.3% in total 15 VOSCs released, respectively. The emission fluxes of major VOSCs were very low at the beginning (day 0). They peaked at days 2–4 and then decreased sharply until they leveled off after 10 days of incubation. For most VOSCs, over 95% of their emission occurred in the first 10 days. The time series of VOSC emission fluxes, as well as their significant correlation with internal food waste temperature (p < 0.05) during incubation, suggested that production of VOSC species was induced mainly by microbial activities during the aerobic decomposition instead of as inherited. Released VOSCs accounted for 5.3% of sulfur content in the food wastes, implying that during aerobic decomposition considerable portion of sulfur in food wastes would be released into the atmosphere as VOSCs, primarily as DMDS, which is very short-lived in the atmosphere and thus usually less considered in the sources and sinks of reduced sulfur gases.     

铁炭复配修复地下水中NO_3~--N的条件研究

采用了铁炭复配修复地下水中NO3--N,探讨了实验条件对修复效果的影响。结果表明,在pH值近中性条件(初始pH 6.42)下,反应时间为1 h时NO3--N修复率达到60.85%;Fe/C=1∶1时介质最佳用量分别为4~5 g;Fe/C=1/1.5时修复率为72.80%;反应速率在高振荡强度下大于低振荡强度;氧化铜的催化效果最好,可使修复率提高7.5个百分点。铁炭复配介质修复地下水中NO3--N是有效可行的,修复率随反应时间的增加而提高,在Fe/C=1∶1时修复率与介质用量呈正相关,无限减小Fe/C比并不能无限提高修复率,振荡强度对修复具有显著影响,低振荡强度下的修复过程较高强度存在滞后现象,并非所有金属氧化物催化剂对铁炭修复NO3--N均有促进作用。     

光/电Fenton牺牲阳极法降解有机污染物

采用Fe片为阳极和石墨为阴极,在可见光(λ450 nm)照射并外加电压条件下,以有机染料橙Ⅱ(orangeⅡ)及有机无色小分子2,4-二氯苯酚(2,4-dichlorophenol,DCP)为目标化合物,探讨了光/电Fenton牺牲阳极法降解有机污染物的最佳反应条件,结果表明,在电压=3 V,pH=3.0,H2O2浓度为5×10-5mol/L时,orangeⅡ的降解效果最好,反应10 h矿化率可达到78%,210 min内2,4-DCP降解率为91.4%。通过对光/电Fenton体系原位循环伏安参数测定及过氧化物酶催化反应吸光光度法和苯甲酸荧光分析法检测光/电Fenton降解orange II过程中H2O2和羟基自由基(.OH)的变化,表明orangeⅡ降解过程涉及.OH历程。     

Chemisorption and Physical Adsorption Roles in Cadmium Biosorption by Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii

The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of cadmium (Cd) adsorbed by microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C.reinhardtii). The kinetic and adsorption isotherm of the process could be well described by mathematical models. Chemical modification experiments and Fourier transform infrared spectra indicated that carboxyl and amine groups were the important functional groups for adsorption of Cd. The maximum contribution of physical adsorption in the overall adsorption process was evaluated as 5.5%...     

3种载体固定化菌藻共生系统脱氮除磷效果的对比

采用3种不同载体（海藻酸钠、聚乙烯醇、复合载体）,分别将小球藻和栅藻与活性污泥固定成菌藻共生系统,制成菌藻凝胶小球,单独菌、单独藻的凝胶小球,用于处理人工污水。结果表明,（1）复合载体固定的菌藻共生系统氮磷去除效果最好,PVA载体的脱氮除磷效果次于复合载体优于海藻酸钠;（2）固定化菌藻共生系统的脱氮除磷效果明显优于单独固定菌和单独固定藻,固定菌的效果较差;（3）3种载体包埋下的固定化小球藻的脱氮除磷效果均较相同载体固定化的栅藻效果好。     

昆明市污水排水系统产甲烷规律的模拟实验研究

通过对昆明市餐饮和居民生活污水厌氧模拟实验研究,初步探讨生活污水中CH4的产生规律,实验结果表明,在自然条件下,餐饮和居民生活污水中产生的甲烷浓度最大值分别为1.63 mg/L和3.82 mg/L。并且将COD、硫酸盐、硫化物、TN的浓度变化与甲烷浓度变化进行Pearson简单相关性分析,结果表明,1/COD、COD/硫酸盐和1/TN与甲烷在置信度为0.01时极显著相关,硫化物与甲烷在置信度为0.05时不相关;COD、硫酸盐和TN浓度的变化对生活污水中甲烷的产生起关键性作用。对居民生活污水中甲烷产生规律进行温度和pH控制分析研究,实验结果表明,生活污水在25~30℃时,24 h内甲烷产生量最大值为8.6494 mg/L,明显大于其他温度段的甲烷产生量;在pH为7~8之间时,甲烷的产生量在24 h内达到的最大值为3.0477 mg/L,明显高于其他pH控制段的甲烷产生量。     

高碱度水库水混凝过程中残留铝控制

针对高碱度水库水源的某水厂残留铝超标问题,选取碱化度(B)与Alb含量不同的3种铝盐絮凝剂,研究不同投量与pH值下混凝效果与残留铝浓度水平。结果表明,碱化度和Alb含量显著影响混凝效果。DOC和浊度的去除率随着3种絮凝剂AlCl3(B=0)、PACl-1(B=1.2)、PACl-2(B=2.2)投量增大而升高。3种絮凝剂投量在1.5～2.0 mg/L(以铝计)范围内,总铝和溶解铝含量最低。对于该水厂自制的絮凝剂PACl-2,可通过降低絮凝剂碱化度,或将水的pH值降低至7～7.5之间,以此可以提高PACl-2混凝效果,而且可以降低出厂水残留铝浓度。考虑工程应用可行性,可优先考虑调整絮凝剂生产工艺。     

Effects of compositional heterogeneity and nanoporosity of raw and treated biomass-generated soot on adsorption and absorption of organic contaminants

A biomass-generated soot was sequentially treated by HCl-HF solution, organic solvent, and oxidative acid to remove ash, extractable native organic matter (EOM), and amorphous carbon. The compositional heterogeneity and nano-structure of the untreated and treated soot samples were characterized by elemental analysis, thermal gravimetric analysis, BET-N₂ surface area, and electron microscopic analysis. Sorption properties of polar and nonpolar organic pollutants onto the soot samples were compared, and individual contributions of adsorption and absorption were quantified. The sorption isotherms for raw sample were practically linear, while were nonlinear for the pretreated-soot. The removal of EOM enhanced adsorption and reduced absorption, indicating that EOM served as a partitioning phase and simultaneously masked the adsorptive sites. By drastic-oxidation, the outer amorphous carbon and the inner disordered core of the soot particles were completely removed, and a fullerene-like nanoporous structure (aromatic shell) was created, which promoted additional π-π interaction between phenanthrene and the soot.     

膜生物反应器(MBR)-反渗透(RO)工艺深度处理印染废水的实验研究

采用膜生物反应器（MBR）-反渗透（RO）工艺对印染废水进行了深度处理实验。原水经MBR系统处理后,COD去除率、ss去除率和色度去除率分别达89．9％、100％和87．5％。MBR系统处理出水进入反渗透（RO）系统进行处理,硬度去除率和除盐率分别达99．62％和99．64％,同时可进一步除去剩余的COD、色度。系统出水水质满足生产回用的要求。     

A sensitive monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for chlorpyrifos residue determination in Chinese agricultural samples

A monoclonal antibody-based competitive antibody-coated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed and optimized for determining chlorpyrifos residue in agricultural products. The IC(50) and IC(10) of this ELISA were 3.3 ng/mL and 0.1 ng/mL respectively. The average recoveries in six agricultural products were between 79.5% and 118.0%, with the intra-assay coefficient of variation being less than 8 %. The limit of detection for all tested products was 30 ng/g. To the best of our knowledge, this assay has the best specificity among all the published research on ELISAs for chlorpyrifos.