用磁选与浮选实现碱洗废液的净化与再用

碱洗是硅钢生产的重要环节。碱洗液随使用时间的延长 ,其中会累积大量杂质 ,造成碱液清洗效率下降而失效。本文使用磁选与浮选联合法去除碱液中的杂质 ,达到了提高碱洗效率并实现碱液的循环再用     

悬浮颗粒物在河道滞留塘系统中的沉降与沉积特性

河道滞留塘系统是以颗粒物沉降为污染物主要净化机理的污染河流净化技术.通过1年的现场试验研究,考察了悬浮颗粒物SS在滞留塘中的沉降和沉积特性.在本试验条件下,随水力停留时间(HRT)延长(HRT为1.5～7 h),SS平均去除率逐渐增加,介于20%～40%之间,而SS去除速率则快速降低,SS去除速率与进水SS浓度成正比关系;不同季节河水中SS的沉降性能有较大差异,冬季河水中有机物含量较低的易沉降颗粒物比例较春秋季河水的为高,滞留塘HRT的选择应以去除易沉降颗粒物为标准,本研究条件下5 h以内是适宜的HRT选择范围.在滞留塘动态运行中,SS的沿程沉积量呈指数规律下降.     

紫茎泽兰制备生物炭及其应用研究进展

紫茎泽兰作为世界性的有害入侵植物,因其适应能力强、扩散速度快、植株内含有有害物质而对农林牧业乃至人类健康产生不利影响。因此,如何对其有效防控和综合利用已成为国内外关注的热点问题。生物炭是有机物质在低氧或缺氧条件下热解碳化而形成的富碳固体物质,因其独特的性质和潜在的价值而被广泛用于农业土壤改良与环境修复等领域。将紫茎泽兰热解制备生物炭,既降低了生物炭生产成本,还实现了生态系统的保护和废弃物的高效利用。目前将紫茎泽兰作为原材料制备生物炭虽有一些相关的研究,但报道相对较少,且研究较分散、结论不一。因此,有必要对紫茎泽兰的利用现状和制备生物炭的应用潜力进行综述。本文结合目前紫茎泽兰应用研究现状,分析了紫茎泽兰制备生物炭的应用研究价值,综述了其在环境污染修复、农业土壤改良方面的应用,并在此基础上提出了今后的研究方向与展望,以期为今后开展相关研究工作提供参考和借鉴。     

Carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection byproduct precursor variation during the reversed anaerobic–anoxic–oxic process of a sewage treatment plant

Disinfection byproduct(DBP)precursors in wastewater during the reversed anaerobic–anoxic–oxic(A~2/O)process,as well as their molecular weight(MW)and polarity-based fractions,were characterized with UV scanning,fluorescence excitation emission matrix,Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.Their DBP formation potentials(DBPFPs)after chlorination were further tested.Results indicated that the reversed A~2/O process could not only effectively remove the dissolved organic carbon(DOC)and dissolved total nitrogen in the wastewater,but also affect the MW distribution and hydrophilic–hydrophobic properties of dissolved organic matter(DOM).The accumulation of low MW and hydrophobic(HPO)DOM was possibly due to the formation of soluble microbial product-like(SMP-like)matters in the reversed A~2/O treatment,especially in the anoxic and aerobic processes.Moreover,DOM in the wastewater displayed a high carbonaceous disinfection byproduct formation potential(C-DBPFP)in the fractions of MW100 k Da and MW5 k Da,and revealed an increasing tendency of nitrogenous disinfection byproduct formation potential(N-DBPFP)with decrease of MW.For polarity-based fractions,the HPO fraction of wastewater showed significantly higher C-DBPFP and N-DBPFP than hydrophilic and transphilic fractions.Therefore,although the reversed A~2/O process could remove most DBP precursors by DOC reduction,it led to the enhancement of DBPFP with the formation and accumulation of low MW and HPO DOM.In addition,strong correlations between C-DBPFPs and SUVA,and between N-DBPFPs and DON/DOC,were observed in the wastewater,which might be helpful for DBPFP prediction in wastewater and reclaimed water chlorination.     

Insights into sludge granulation during anaerobic treatment of high-strength leachate via a full-scale IC reactor with external circulation system

In this study, a full-scale internal circulation(IC) reactor coupled with an external circulation system was developed to treat high-strength leachate from a municipal solid waste(MSW)incineration plant, in which anaerobic sludge granulation was intensively investigated. Results showed that the IC reactor achieved excellent treatment performance under high organic loading rates(OLR) of 21.06–25.16 kg chemical oxygen demand(COD)/(m3? day). The COD removal efficiency and biogas yield respectively reached 89.4%–93.4% and 0.42–0.50 m3/kg COD.The formation of extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) was closely associated with sludge granulation. Protein was the dominant component in sludge EPS, and its content was remarkably increased from 21.6 to 99.7 mg/g Volatile Suspended Solid(VSS) during the reactor operation. The sludge Zeta potential and hydrophobicity positively correlated with the protein/polysaccharide ratio in EPS, and they were respectively increased from-26.2 m V and 30.35% to-10.6 m V and 78.67%, which was beneficial to microbial aggregation. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy(3 D-EEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)analysis further indicated the importance of protein-like EPS substances in the sludge granulation. Moreover, it was also found that the secondary structures of EPS proteins varied during the reactor operation.     

植物配置与进水碳氮比对沉水植物塘水质净化效果的影响

将3种常见湖泊沉水植物苦草(Vallisneris spiralis)、轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)组合构建7种沉水植物稳定塘,分析植物组合对水体氮、磷、有机物去除效果;在此基础上,模拟不同碳氮比(C/N)条件下的沉水植物塘对污水的净化效果,进而探讨碳氮比对沉水植物去污效果的影响.结果表明:(1)7种沉水植物组合对氮、磷均具有一定的净化效果,其中苦草和轮叶黑藻组成的沉水植物塘净化效果最好.(2)3种C/N(1.89、5.93、12.09)条件下,苦草黑藻植物塘的去污效果有所差异,当C/N=5.93时,对污染物的综合去除效果最佳.因此对于沉水植物稳定塘而言,沉水植物组合能取得比单类植物更好的净水效果,并且通过添加适量碳源物质,调整污水的碳氮比,可以提升沉水植物塘的净水效果,研究结果对于实际工程构建稳定塘净化污水具有理论指导意义.     

施用生物炭对土壤Cd形态转化及烤烟吸收Cd的影响

采用盆栽试验模拟Cd污染土壤,研究施用烟秆炭(0、10、20 g·kg~(-1))对土壤pH、有机质含量、土壤Cd形态分布及烤烟Cd含量和Cd累积量的影响.结果表明:随着生育期的延长,土壤pH和有机质含量均呈现升高的趋势.在同一Cd污染水平下,土壤pH和有机质含量均随生物炭施用量的增加而升高.随生物炭施用量的增加,土壤有效态Cd和可交换态Cd含量显著降低,土壤碳酸盐结合态Cd、铁锰氧化物结合态Cd、有机结合态Cd和残渣态Cd含量升高.移栽后30 d,处理G2T2和G2T1的土壤有效态Cd含量的降幅分别达到45.59%和24.56%.外源添加Cd的土壤中,土壤pH和有机质含量均与土壤有效态Cd和可交换态Cd含量呈显著负相关关系(p0.01),与土壤碳酸盐结合态Cd、铁锰氧化物结合态Cd和有机结合态Cd含量呈显著正相关关系(p0.01).在Cd污染土壤上,施用生物炭能明显降低烟株各部位Cd含量,烟株各部位干物质积累量随生物炭施用量的增加显著升高,烟株各部位Cd累积量和总Cd累积量随生物炭施用量的增加呈降低的趋势.由此说明,在Cd污染的土壤上施用生物炭能够使土壤中可被植物吸收利用的有效态Cd转化为潜在的无效态Cd,从而达到修复土壤并减轻作物受Cd毒害的目的.     

海洋空间资源性资产产权制度效率的测度

以建立高效率的海洋空间资源性资产产权制度目标,本文尝试建立海洋空间资源性资产产权制度效率的测度模型,为产权制度的选择和变革提供依据。产权制度效率是指产权制度成本与产权制度效益之间的对比关系。因此,本文首先对其产权制度的成本及产权制度的效益的构成进行分析,然后给出计算或评估的方法,最后对产权制度成本与产权制度效益的计算或评估结果进行比较,从而得到产权制度效率的测度模型。     

太湖水体富营养化中农业面污染源的影响研究

太湖流域地处长江三角洲核心部位,是我国的工业经济中心,但同时也是水体富营养化最严重的地区之一。文章通过实地调研、采集得到太湖流域污染的相关数据资料,运用结构解析模型(ISM)建模,通过研究太湖蓝藻各诱发因子的主次关系,对太湖蓝藻危机爆发的成因做了深入的分析。并以GIS为平台核算其耕地面积,结合当地土壤数据及作物特征,计算出了太湖流域农业每年磷的排放量,占总磷排放量的70.7%,得出农业面源产生的的氮、磷流失是引起太湖水体富营养化的重要原因。     

衡阳市降水型地质灾害潜势预报预警方法初探

为提高衡阳市降水型地质灾害预报预警的针对性和时效性,本文利用1994—2007年衡阳市地质灾害个例资料和相应的降水资料,分析了地质灾害与降水的关系;划分了地质灾害易发区,并针对不同易发区确定了降水型地质灾害预报预警指标;对预报预警方法进行检验,并提出了改善建议。结果显示:衡阳市降水型地质灾害与前期降水强度、当日降水量等有着密切关系;建立的预报预警方法对衡阳市暴雨突发性地质灾害预报具有较好的地域针对性和准确性,将预报时效延长至24小时,对地质灾害的防御有着重要的现实意义。