Assessment and prediction of the effect of ageing on the adsorption of nonylphenol in black carbon-sediment systems

Black carbon (BC) is a promising sediment amendment, as proven by its considerable adsorption capacity for hydrophobic organic pollutants and accessibility, but its reliability when used for the removal of pollutants in natural sediments still needs to be evaluated. For example, the ageing process, resulting in changing of surface physicochemical properties of BC, will decrease the adsorption capacity and performance of BC when applied to sediment pollution control. In this study, how the ageing process and BC proportion affect the adsorption capacity of BC-sediment systems was modelled and quantitatively investigated to predict their adsorption capacity under different ageing times and BC additions. The results showed that the ageing process decreased the adsorption capacity of both BC-sediment systems, due to the blockage of the non-linear adsorption sites of BC. The adsorption capacity of rice straw black carbon (RC)-sediment systems was higher than that of fly ash black carbon (FC)-sediment systems, indicating that RC is more efficient than FC for nonylphenol (NP) pollution control in sediment. The newly established model for the prediction of adsorption capacity fits the experimental data appropriately and yields acceptable predictions, especially when based on parameters from the Freundlich model. However, to fully reflect the influence of the ageing process on BC-sediment systems and make more precise predictions, it is recommended that future work considering more factors and conditions, such as modelling of the correlation between the adsorption capacity and the pore volume or specific surface area of BC, be applied to build an accurate and sound model.     

Comparative mammalian cell cytotoxicity of wastewater with elevated bromide and iodide after chlorination, chloramination, or ozonation

Recycling wastewater is becoming more common as communities around the world try to better control their water resources against an increased frequency of either prolonged droughts or intense flooding. For communities in coastal areas, wastewaters may contain elevated levels of bromide(Br~-) and iodide(I~-) from seawater intrusion or high mineral content of source waters. Disinfection of such wastewater is mandatory to prevent the spread of pathogens, however little is known about the toxicity of wastewater after disinfection in the presence of Br~-and I~-. In this study we compared the induction of chronic cytotoxicity in mammalian cells in samples of municipal secondary wastewater effluent amended with elevated levels of Br~-/I~-after disinfection by chlorine, chloramines or ozone to identify which disinfection process generated wastewater with the lowest level of adverse biological response. Chlorination increased mammalian cell cytotoxicity by 5times as compared to non-disinfected controls. Chloramination produced disinfected wastewater that expressed 6.3 times more cytotoxicity than the non-disinfected controls and was 1.3 times more cytotoxic than the chlorinated samples. Ozonation produced wastewater with cytotoxicity comparable to the non-disinfected controls and was at least 4times less cytotoxic than the chlorine disinfected wastewaters. These results indicate that compared to chlorination and chloramination, ozonation of wastewater with high Br~-/Ilevels yielded the lowest mammalian cell cytotoxicity, suggesting its potential as a more favorable method to disinfect wastewater with minimizing the biological toxicity in mind.     

A restoration-promoting integrated floating bed and its experimental performance in eutrophication remediation

Numerous studies on eutrophication remediation have mainly focused on purifying water first, then restoring submerged macrophytes. A restoration-promoting integrated floating bed （RPIFB） was designed to combine the processes of water purification and macrophyte restoration simultaneously. Two outdoor experiments were conducted to evaluate the ecological functions of the RP1FB. Trial 1 was conducted to compare the eutrophication purification among floating bed, gradual-submerging bed （GSB） and RPIFB technologies. The results illustrated that RPIFB has the best purification capacity. Removal efficiencies of RPIFB for TN, TP,NH4＋-N, NO3-N, CODcr, Chlorophyll-a and turbidity were 74.45%, 98.31%, 74.71%, 88.81%, 71.42%, 90.17% and 85%, respectively. In trial 2, influences of depth of GSB and photic area in RPIFB on biota were investigated. When the depth of GSB decreased and the photic area of RPIFB grew, the height of Potamogeton crispus Linn. increased, but the biomass of Canna indica Linn. was reduced. The mortalities of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus and Bellamya aeruginosa in each group were all less than 7%. All results indicated that when the RPIFB was embedded into the eutrophic water, the regime shift from phytoplankton-dominated to macrophyte-dominated state could be promoted. Thus, the RPIFB is a promising remediation technology for eutrophication and submerged macrophyte restoration.     

短程硝化反硝化除磷颗粒污泥的同步驯化

本实验对3组同规格SBR反应器分别采用分阶段法（A/O-A/O/A）异步驯化、连续曝气A/OA同步驯化和间歇曝气A/O/A同步驯化的方式运行.以人工配水为进水基质,接种絮状污泥,通过水力选择压颗粒化,探讨了不同运行方式下短程硝化反硝化颗粒污泥的驯化及脱氮除磷特性.结果表明,在较短曝气时长（140 min）联合较低曝气强度［3.5 L·（h·L）^-1］下,间歇曝气A/O/A同步驯化最具优势,后期稳定运行期间碳、氮、磷的平均去除率分别为90.74%、91.15%和95.66%,可实现同步去除.粒径为895μm,颗粒虽小但均匀致密,f值（MLVSS/MLSS）平稳保持在0.8~0.85,有较高的生物量,这是由于间歇曝气下好/缺氧的交替运行,使得缺氧异养菌作为颗粒的核心,有利于颗粒污泥结构的稳定.批次实验结果表明,间歇曝气A/O/A同步驯化下比氨氧化速率为3.38 mg·（g·h）^-1,能利用NO₂^-为电子受体的反硝化聚磷菌（DPAOs）占比达65.46%,更有利于氨氧化菌（AOB）和NO₂^-型DPAOs的同步驯化及富集,保证稳定的处理效果.     

轻质高强多功能点阵夹层结构研究进展

根据材料类型和点阵结构,对点阵夹层结构进行了分类简述,并从静态、动态力学性能上,分析了各类点阵夹层结构的优缺点。简要叙述了设计过程中,综合考虑材料、结构以及功能等影响因素,针对不同使用工况的要求,可对各影响因素进行匹配设计,以实现传热特性、电磁波屏蔽特性、声学特性等不同的功能性需求。然后介绍了复合点阵夹层结构(嵌锁组装、模具热压成形、穿插编织)和金属点阵夹层结构(冲压成形、挤压线切割、拉伸网折叠、搭接拼装、熔模铸造以及增材制造)的主要制造工艺。最后提出如何将设计因子与多目标进行匹配及优化设计,是轻质高强点阵夹层结构的重点研究方向,轻质高强点阵夹层结构将朝多材料及多结构复合方向发展,开发新的制造工艺,提高费效比,是点阵夹层结构材料需解决的问题。     

典型喀斯特城市湖库溶解性有机质成分特征及来源解析

为探索喀斯特城市湖库溶解性有机质（DOM）成分特征及来源信息,以我国贵阳市重要喀斯特湖库——红枫湖、百花湖、松柏山水库和阿哈水库为研究对象,分析了表层水体溶解性有机碳（DOC）、叶绿素a（Chla）和DOM光学参数(a₂₅₄、a₂₈₀、a₃₅₀、 E2∶E3、S_275-295、 FI、β:α、 BIX、 HIX)的空间差异,同时利用荧光吸收峰（B、 T、 A、 M、 C、 D、 N）和三维荧光平行因子分析（EEM-PARAFAC）解释DOM各成分丰度及占比状况,并运用Spearman相关分析及主成分分析（PCA）揭示DOM参数的相关性和主要环境过程.结果表明,喀斯特城市湖库ρ（DOC）和ρ（Chla）范围分别为4.24～11.9 mg·L^-1和0.32～19.7μg·L^-1,松柏山水库腐殖质(a₂₅₄)和芳香类蛋白质(a₂₈₀)较高,导致相对分子质量(E2∶E3和S_275-295)高于其它湖...     

溶解氧对序批式全程自养脱氮工艺运行的影响

在常温22~26℃下,接种成熟的全程自养脱氮(CANON)污泥至2个相同的SBR反应器,通过设置不同的初期DO及不同的DO梯度,考察了DO控制策略及DO值对CANON工艺脱氮性能,稳定性及污泥形态的影响.结果表明,初期DO为0.05~0.10mg/L的反应器可以稳定运行,氨氮和总氮的平均去除率分别为99%和85.4%,而初期DO为(0.40±0.5)mg/L的反应器的氨氮和总氮平均去除率分别为99%和0;在反应器运行稳定之后,逐渐增加DO浓度, DO为0,0.2,0.4,0.5mg/L时的厌氧氨氧化反应速率分别为35.95,23.89,31.50,19.25mgN/(L·h),延时曝气2h后反应器仍可正常运行.在一定DO范围内,CANON反应器的活性随着DO的升高而升高,较高DO对接种初期的CANON反应器冲击较大且不可逆,对稳定运行的CANON反应器的影响较小;但是当CANON工艺稳定运行之后,短时高DO对CANON工艺的影响是可逆的.显微镜照片显示稳定运行的CANON反应器内出现了颗粒化的趋势.     

太湖底泥疏浚的水环境质量风险性分析

采用基于因子分析的主成分分析法将五里湖的16个水质参数概括为5个主成分,研究了各主成分以及其综合主成分在疏浚前后的变化,并以此为依据就底泥疏浚对水环境质量的影响进行了评价.结果表明,疏浚过程中,五里湖疏浚区的综合主成分得分最高,为1.15,水质综合排名在最后,水体色度和污染指数(F1)也达到最高值5.0;同时对照区综合主成分得分以及水体污染和色度指数(F1,F2)也相应升高,水质质量明显下降;这说明疏浚运作具有促进表层沉积物发生再悬浮和扩散作用,以及沉积物中内源性营养盐和重金属离子的释放作用.采用Monte Carlo随机采样法,利用平衡分配模型模拟和预测了疏浚过程中悬浮沉积物中重金属离子释放的阈值,结果表明疏浚过程中大部分重金属离子由悬浮沉积物向水体中释放的风险性较高,可信度达到90%以上,尤其是重金属离子Ni²⁺以及非金属污染物As释放的风险性较大,其可能的释放量分别分布在各自地表水环境质量标准EQS的28.6%～+∞之间和34%～+∞之间,说明底泥疏浚具有导致五里湖水体环境质量短期恶化的风险.此外,Monte Carlo随机采样分析方法应用也许可为湖泊底泥疏浚生态风险评价提供一条新的途径.     

卤氧化铋光催化剂改性的研究进展及应用

随着全球环境问题与能源问题的不断加剧,人们迫切需要开发一些高效、环保、稳定的光催化剂。卤氧化铋(BiOX,X=Cl、Br、I)因其独特的层状结构,优异的光学、电学性能,在光催化领域受到了越来越多的关注。虽然BiOX光催化剂在光催化反应中展现出了优异性能,但其光催化效率仍有待提高。简要叙述了BiOX的结构与性能以及当前主流的制备方法,主要概述了最近几年卤氧化铋光催化剂改性的研究进展。改性方法主要有微结构调控、晶面与缺陷调控、掺杂、构造异质结等,这些方法主要是通过提高卤氧化铋或卤氧化铋复合物的光吸收能力、光生载流子的分离和运输效率、以及活性位点的暴露量来实现改性。介绍了其在环境、能源和生物等领域的应用,同时对BiOX的发展提出了问题和展望。     

华北清洁地区气溶胶特征及其来源研究

本文用中子活化分析和质子激发Ｘ荧光分析法,测定了华北清洁地区气溶胶样品中几十个元素的含量,对粗粒和细粒两种颗粒物进行了平均元素浓度和富集因子的计算。基于对华北地区获得的颗粒物数据以及不同来源气溶胶化学组成的讨论,得出华北清洁地区大气颗粒物的质量浓度要比城市地区小很多,细颗粒物的平均质量浓度比粗颗粒要高,华北清洁地区人为污染元素的粗细比率与城市地区的相比很低,大气污染物主要是由远距离输送来的。