微生物法处理海上钻井废钻井液

微生物法适用于海上钻井含油废弃物的处理。通过多次对菌株采集、分离、纯化和培养驯化,选育得到了3株对石油烃类有很好降解效果的石油类降解菌;确定了石油类降解菌适宜的生化处理条件:最佳生长及原油降解温度为50℃、最佳生长及原油降解酸碱性环境为pH=6.0、最佳菌株接种量2%、最佳原油初始浓度为500mg/L。处理后的含油废弃钻井液含油量基本稳定在2mg/L以下,降解率达98%以上。     

Application of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of clenbuterol residues in swine urine and feeds

The present study outlines applications of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the analysis of clenbuterol residues. Antisera were raised from rabbits immunized with diazotized clenbuterol-bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugate. The assay was specific to clenbuterol with a half-maximum inhibition concentration (IC₅₀) of 1.8 ng/mL and 2.5 ng/mL in blank swine urine and phosphate buffer solution, respectively. The assay had high cross-reactivity (86%) with mabuterol, but low with other adrenergic agonists and antagonists. The average recovery of clenbuterol, as measured with the ELISA, ranged from 90% to 112% in swine urine samples and from 86% to 95% in feeds, respectively. This new assay was compared with commercial ELISA test kits. An excellent correlation (r ² = 0.98) between the two methods and satisfactory recoveries suggest that the new assay can be suitable for the determination of clenbuterol residues in real samples. The assay was used to analyze clenbuterol residues in 103 swine urine samples and 68 feed samples collected from northern China. Approximately 50% of the urine samples and 25% of the feed samples analyzed were found positive (concentration of clenbuterol ≥ 1 ppb). The results indicate that clenbuterol was misused in some of the areas surveyed.     

Electrogeneration of H(2) for Pd-catalytic hydrodechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol in groundwater

A novel electrolytic groundwater remediation process, which used the H₂ continuously generated at cathode to achieve in situ catalytic hydrodechlorination, was developed for the treatment of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in groundwater. Catalytic hydrodechlorination using Pd supported on bamboo charcoal and external H₂ showed that 2,4-DCP was completely dechlorinated to phenol within 30 min at pH ? 5.5. In a divided electrolytic system, the catalytic hydrodechlorination of 2,4-DCP in cathodic compartment by H₂ generated at the cathode under 20 and 50 mA reached 100% at 120 and 60 min, respectively. Two column experiments with influent pHs of 5.5 (unconditioned) and 2 were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of this process. The 2,4-DCP removal efficiencies were about 63% and nearly 100% at influent pHs of 5.5 and 2, respectively. Phenol was solely produced by 2,4-DCP hydrodechlorination, and was subsequently degraded at the anode. A low pH could enhance the hydrodechlorination, but was not necessarily required. This study provides the preliminary results of a novel effective electrolytic process for the remediation of groundwater contaminated by chlorinated aromatics.     

人造卫星--抗灾先锋

2001年9月11日以后,整个世界变了;2004年12月26日以后,世界是否也全变了?我们应该采取哪些措施以减少自然灾害所造成的破坏?     

常温低基质厌氧氨氧化反应器启动及其稳定性

以上向流生物滤池为反应器,以实验室内氧化沟回流污泥为接种污泥,采用先培育好氧生物膜,后转为厌氧环境培育厌氧氨氧化生物膜的方式,成功实现了常温低基质浓度下厌氧氨氧化反应器的启动。控制反应器进水pH为7.50～7.80,NH4+-N为30～40 mg/L,NO2--N为35～50 mg/L,温度为20～25℃。224 d以后,反应器启动成功。在稳定运行阶段,出水亚硝氮和氨氮的平均浓度分别为1.4 mg/L和4.6 mg/L,平均去除率分别为95.3%和90.1%,去除比例为1～1.8∶1,主要集中在1.4～1.5∶1,亚硝氮和氨氮去除的容积负荷分别为104.2 mg/(L.d)和146.0 mg/(L.d)。     

控制系统在污水处理中的应用

介绍了污水控制系统的工艺流程、系统配置和软件设计，并对由PLC和上位机组成的自动控制系统的主要功能进行了说明。上位机通过组态软件设计承担监控和管理任务，下位机通过编程软件实现实时数据采集和自动控制功能。     

经济发展成本分析:可持续发展经济学的理论基础

可持续发展战略存在着理论与实践上的严重反差，其主要原因是可持续发展经济缺乏统一的理论基础，本文通过对经济学不同流派关于可持续发展问题研究的评析，认为可持续发展经济学需要建立一个统一的理论基础，并提出经济发展成本分析是可持续发展经济学的理论基础，围绕这一理论基础对可持续发展的概念进行了重新界定，并主张要把制度的激励与约束以及政策的引导纳入可持续发展经济途径研究的视野之中。     

个人因素事故致因模型的探讨

从个人因素事故致因模型出发．探讨了潜在危险存在的情况下．个人因素与事故发生之间的联系;分析了不同的个人因素对于潜在危险的感知认识的作用和影响以及由此而决定的工作行为的安全程度;讨论了以控制导致事故发生的个人因素为出发点．用以预防事故发生的对策措施;提出在现代安全科学领域中,不仅要解决职工安全生产技术方面的问题．更要强调职工个人的社会性,在工作之中的成就感,被尊重的程度．这样才能达到充分激励职工、加强安全生产的目的。     

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS2) exchange fluxes between cotton fields and the atmosphere in the arid area in Xinjiang,China

Due to the important roles of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS₂) in atmospheric chemistry, this study was designed to determine different proportions of COS and CS₂ fluxes contributed from different sources, i.e., vegetation, soil and roots, at monthly and hourly timescales in the arid area in Xinjiang, China. Results indicated that the seasonal net uptake of COS by vegetation was predominant in the growing season. The CS₂ fluxes from vegetation and soils had no significant seasonal variations compared with COS. The exchange rates of COS and CS₂ have been found to be stimulated by the addition of nutrients in the form of urea fertilizer. Compared with the results of plots that were treated only with nitrogen, the treatments with both nitrogen and sulfur displayed no significant difference in the exchange fluxes. The results of compartment experiments indicated that the aboveground plants had the highest uptake of COS and had a vital role in the uptake of COS during the main growth period. The shares of COS emissions from the soil and roots increased to 6–17% and 55–58%, respectively, in the total COS fluxes when conditions, such as drought and senescence, were unfavorable for the developmental of vegetation. Observations of the preliminary diurnal fluxes indicated that the fluxes that occurred at night, with contributions from soils and plants, accounted for 27% of the total daily uptake of COS uptake. These quantitative results may be reasonably accounted for the use of COS as a promising tracer to obtain independent constraints on terrestrial carbon exchange at regional to global scales for their response to special environmental conditions in semiarid area.

     

多氯苯生产中有机氯化物的分析

在气相色谱和色谱-质谱分析的基础上,对以六六六为原料生产多氯苯的两种工艺的产品及废渣进行了分析。结果表明:伴随多氯苯的生成,尚有多种氯化物产生。在水解生产工艺中,产品和废渣中有微量PCDDs和PCDFs,但产品中还有少量PCBs。在热解工艺中,废渣内发现大量的PCBs,PCDDs和PCDFs,最毒的异构体,2,3,7,8-TCDD含量高达24ppm。